Pride and Predujice - Contrast essays

Pride and Predujice - Contrast essays Discuss the ways contrast are used to define the characters in a novel you have studied. Jane Austin uses contrast extensively in the book, Pride and Prejudice. There is examples of it in the contrast between Darcy and Lizzie, one is a proud man, contrasted with the outer, who without intentionally mean or wanting to, is prejudiced to wards most. There is also another important contrast between Charlotte and Lizzie, on the one hand Lizzy is determined to marry for love, and love alone, but on the other hand, Charlotte will marry the next person who proposes, believing happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. The third and final contrast I am going to speak about is the contrast between Mr. and Mrs. Bennett. The couple, who have no doubt been marries for many years always amaze me, how could two people, who occasionally hate each other with such a passion remain married all this time. The contrast between Darcy and Lizzie in the book is no doubt the most obvious contrast, and in my opinion also the most important. It has been said that Darcy's Pride leads to prejudice, and Elizabeths prejudice stems from a pride in her own perceptions, so although somewhat interchangeable, the two lead characters are always in a state of contrast. The contrast between the characters is used to define them quite brilliantly. We can learn most from a character from their interaction with the scene around them, which is especially true of Darcy. His pride causes him to behave accordingly, when he comments on Lizzie she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me. This is the first sign of any feelings of Darcys towards Lizzie. To the reader Darcy is defined as an evil man, not one who would marry the story heroine. But how perceptions change. With plenty of time for the pair to spend together when Jane is ill, Darcy first falls for Lizzie, but to Lizzie, Darcy's comments at the previous ball sti ...

Free Essay on Eugenics

Free Essay on Eugenics Free Essay on Eugenics Eugenics focused on the idea that the heredity was everything. How relevant is such a perspective in relation to criminality today? This paper focuses on aspects of eugenics as an element that has for a long time in history been considered as paramount in controlling human reproduction. The paper addressed the various eugenic practice in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as well as in the contemporary world, particularly in the western hemisphere. The main reasons why certain human racial groups embrace the use of this practice are also addressed. The relevance of eugenics to the various societies used, in relation to criminality today, are widely discussed in this paper. Eugenics is a scheme that is widely used to enhance an improved human race through a controlled reproduction. This is a practice that became common, reaching much popularity between the late 19th century and the Second World War (Glass 1999, p. 89). A good example of the wide use of eugenic principles was when the German Nazis carried massive sterilization and genocide. Other eugenics forms have been practiced across the universe and are effective in contemporary China, where the population is strictly limited. Major advancements research in medicine such as the human genome project, the society, is still striving to resolve various issues of ethics emerging from eugenic theories (Glass 1999, p. 89). Eugenics is the practice and theory that has been used to improve the generic quality of the human population; it is a social philosophy which advocates genetic traits of humanity, by promoting higher reproduction of individuals with certain desired traits and reducing people of less desired traits (Weikart 2006, p. 57). Positive eugenics encourage higher reproduction of individuals while negative eugenics is viewed as an undermining factor to humanity, because individuals perceived to belong to such category face the risk of being killed as a way of elimination. In the 20th century, ideologies resulting from negative Eugenics led to mass genocide of the Jews during the Hitler’s regime. Elimination of individuals in regard to traits of race and ethnicity has commonly been used in mass murder of certain populations in Europe and North America (Weikart 2006, p. 57). For instance, the genocide of the native Indians in the North American regions is a good example of racial profili ng emerging from eugenic ideologies. Eugenics considered the heredity as everything and many individuals did not want certain traits to be passed to the succeeding generation. Certain traits were considered inferior by some groups and faced the risk of being eliminated. In the early 20th century, social Darwinist viewed medical care as relatively weak and an increased ability to survive, contrary to letting nature take its due course of effective elimination of people (Weikart 2006, p. 57). In Germany, fear was growing among certain individuals that the intervention of medics and welfare policies enabled weak and relatively improvised citizens to sap and survive the nation’s resources. Such ideologies emerging from particular sub-racial groups in Germany expressed how eugenics were considered as everything. Most groups who supported such ideologies felt that the weaker racial or ethnic groups, did not have any right to use the country’s resources (Weikart 2006, p. 57). From one region to another, the mode of reaching the conclusion that a group was inferior highly varied. Support for eugenics in the early 20th century was common across various regions of the world, especially in North America and Europe. There were movements across diverse regions in support of eugenics, openly supporting more birth rates of the fittest individuals and less for the unfit (Ferguson, 2012, p. 83). People who supported the weak or unfit population groups in the society were highly criticized and the term â€Å"racial hygiene† was introduced to encourage aspects of eugenics. For instance, a movement leader in the United States, Margaret Sanger declared more children from the fit and less for the unfit as the key issue of controlled birth rate (Ferguson, 2012, p. 83). This concept by Sanger was readily accepted by communities across the US during the first decade of the 20th century. By 1912, a total of 34 states in the US had already passed laws that rightly denied insane people the right of marriage. Nine states denied epileptic people the right of marriage while 15 states banned the mentally challenged people from marrying each other. Criminal justice of this period continued to be greatly motivated by both economic and social considerations in their arguments that, various feeble minded citizens would not be allowed to pass their undesirable traits to the generation that followed (KüHl 2002, p. 49). Eugenic ideologies became more common throughout the period before the Second World War. Western Europe was characterized by similar eugenic ideologies with criminal justices of various European countries completely in support of such eugenic reasoning. The criminal justice systems of various countries during this time, supported groups thought to be fit by the authorities (Turda Weindling 2006, 107). The unfit groups were not protected by the judges and did not have the rights of marriage in most cases. The proponents of eugenics commonly played a major role in nationalistic fears of diluted stock of race. In Europe, issues of race were used in eugenic profiling barring various sub racial groups in the region from multiplying. The US mainly held eugenic ideologies in regard to common disabilities such as mental and physical challenges. Prior to the Second World War, leading physicians and biologists welcomed an idea by Hitler, one race at the epitome of the new state of Germany (Marrus 1989, p. 90). This resulted into concentration camps as well as genetic research on human beings that defined the Holocaust. The contemporary eugenic ideologies The early 20th century foresaw hundred thousand of Americans who were considered unfit, forcibly being sterilized for what was dubbed as a process of improving the human race. The Criminal Justice in one of its darkest historical chapters sanctioned the process declaring that three generations of unfit Americans were enough. It was not surprising for many Americans during this time to deem the communities they considered unfit or weak, as nothing of the kind. Such communities lived as the most vulnerable group in the region. This is one of the darkest chapters of the United States, which was prevalently characterized by major offensive of the community as well as the Criminal Justice (Thomson 1998, p. 102). The west coast state of California had higher cases of eugenic laws showing higher levels of racial profiling in the America’s History. In the last few decades, eugenic ideologies are still common among individuals and criminal justice of the US, though at a mild rate. According to revelations by a new report compiled by the Centre of Investigative reporting, it was found that between 2006 and 2010 elements of eugenics took place in a health care Centre, in California (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In this report, doctors working under contract at the Californian Correction and Rehabilitation department were alleged to have sterilized at least 150 female inmates without any approval from relevant authorities. In order to sterilize such people, it required approvals from the top medical official in the Sacramento, as required by the Californian state law. These are shocking revelations at a time when most people thought issues of eugenic did not matter anymore (Bauman 2013, p. 44). The revelation is a true testimony that, in the contemporary America, eugenics are still considered as highly important among certain individuals. Issues of controlled birth rates are highly popular in the western societies. Although issues of eugenic ideologies are not much rampant in the region, there are groups that are racially discriminated and face the risk of being sterilized contrary to their wish. Many health professionals in the western societies argue; the cost of being sterilized is relatively small as compared to the cost of rearing a larger number of children. Doctors in the United States are occasionally reported having been engaged in sterilizing procedures of prisoners, especially female inmates (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In most cases, these doctors inquire about the size of inmates’ families before performing sterilizing procedures. Most targeted prisoners were pressured to have various tubal ligations. Inmates with numerous children were sterilized as medics expressed their procedures was only meant to empower the prisoners to have manageable families. In the United States, individuals with many children find it difficult financing the upbringing of the large number of children. For inmates, having a large number of children is seen as a burden to the society, as children need somebody to take care of them (Hasian 1996, p. 68). Issues of eugenics ideologies on the inmate communities are commonly reported across different states of the US. Most of these medics do not seek approval of the state as it is taken as a noble act. More plausible explanations by various professional doctors who have been performing sterilizations, state sterilization as a procedure is commonly done to many people who volunteer to have themselves sterilized. These doctors feel taking the collective responsibility of ensuring that people have lesser, and easily manageable number of children would be ideal for quality life (Hasian 1996, p. 68). For such reasons, inmates with a big number of children should face similar procedures to ensure children are offered the best quality of life. The North American region, particularly the US, has for many years been characterized with forced sterilization. Cases of a continued eugenic genocide in the contemporary America are not a surprise to the majority of people living in the US and abroad. In the modern day society cases of eugenic ideologies, only lack the brutality the Nazis exercised in Germany, before the Second World War. Although today’s societies lack the brutal elements experienced in the early 20th century, there is a war against the weak, which is operated at milder conditions. Horrors of racial hygiene and cases of forced sterilization of inmates, the mentally ill and the poor, have been common in the state of California for decades. In other states, this practice was legal until in the 1970s (Mazumdar 1992, p. 81). Throughout the US, most states made this practice illegal and did not eliminate it. The view of children as a gift from God was no longer applicable in these scenarios. California was the first state in the US to prohibit the sterilization of individuals viewed as weak in the society. Similar to prisons in other parts of the US, the practice, was not eliminated and inmates perceived to be weak were sterilized. Various groups from different parts of the world have been protesting sterilizing of weak communities in today’s societies, all in vain (Hasian 1996, p. 68). This is because most practices taking place across different prisons in the US are not timely detected and most of the inmates falling victims do not disclose their ordeal. In the 21st century, social progressives view eugenics as an ideal tool for both social improvement and reform. Conservatives view eugenics as a tool that has for long been used to limit groups of lower income and reduce their caring cost. There are various ideologies overlapping these political agendas. For example, in the Great Britain and Scandinavian movements of eugenics, the aspect of race played a relatively minor role. This is simply because the majority of people living in this region belong to similar racial groups (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In the North American region, the Anglo Saxons were the majority group and viewed the other groups from either southern Europe or Africa with great suspicion and occasionally blamed them for various social problems like crime, poverty and prostitution. The world may have forgotten the famous steps of Hitler in his dream of creating a super race, but similar practices are still in the contemporary world societies. Cases of eugenic practices in the modern societies are relatively mild, unlike eugenic procedures in the early 20th century, which were commonly brutal (Hasian 1996, p. 68). In today’s society, eugenic practices are considered as important as they were in the past. The recent cases of sterilization of prisoners in the US are good examples of eugenics practices in modern societies. Eugenic of the modern day society are secretly evident unlike in the twentieth century, when social policies widely embraced elements of eugenics to groups that were considered as weak or unfit (Bauman 2013, p. 44). Although major cases of eugenic practice are commonly reported in the United States, most of these incidences happen on extremely discreet occasions. If you need a custom essay written from scratch by professional writers you can get professional writing help from .

Western Civilization Class Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Western Civilization Class - Research Paper Example upon the life of the average worker, the following analysis will be concentric upon discussing these unique nuances in light of the way that they affected different groups. Furthermore, by referencing and analyzing conditions, societal structure, and life for the working class during the 19th century, the analysis will also focus upon how workers were treated within the factories, whether women and children were treated differently than men, what primary sanitation standards or conditions existed for the workers, and how these working conditions affected their overall health. Finally, a discussion and analysis of whether or not this author believes that workers were treated in this manner for a reason will be discussed. It is the hope of this particular student that the reader will be able to gain a more informed and relevant level of understanding concerning these questions as a direct result of the information and primary source documentation which will be analyzed within this brie f essay. All things considered, life for the average 19th century working class was anything but pleasant. These individuals were faced with a litany of different hardships. Among these included: long hours, poor conditions, health hazards, poor treatment at the hands of supervisory staff or managers, poor sanitation, low wages, and oftentimes horrendous living conditions. Naturally, there were seeking differentials with respect to the way in which individuals experienced 19th century later. For instance, wife in the coal mines was significantly worse as compared to my in a cotton field work wife working in a factory. Whereas it is not express intent of this particular analysis to differentiate between what types of 19th century labor could be considered as â€Å"good† and which types of 19th century labor could be considered as â€Å"bad†, general understanding that is one that appreciates the fact that nearly all members of the working class suffered from the hardships and

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what Essay

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what you believe the phrase Slant of light refers to in Emily Dickinsons Poem 258, - Essay Example In the first two lines of the poem Dickinson describes a certain quality of light, which leads the reader to think of it as a poem about nature. In stanzas two and three, the reader finds that the poem is not on nature, but the ‘light â€Å"spoken of, is about as state of mind. In alluding light to be â€Å"Cathedral Tunes† or â€Å"winter light â€Å" Dickinson uses the important feature of light to explain the person’s state of mind when encountering the light but not the light itself. Poem #258 is made up of for stanzas each having four lines and is mostly in the trochaic meter. In describing Dickinson’s poems, Edith Wylder said, â€Å"Her punctuation system is an integral part of her attempt to create in written form the precision of meaning inherent in the tone of the human voice. (Edith Wylder, 1971) therefore the use of the word light is more implied in Dickinson’s poem and is not used with its literal

The Baptist Faith Essay Example for Free

The Baptist Faith Essay Many Baptist can trace their origins to the early church, a period when churches consisted of committed worshippers who were baptized upon confession of faith as adults. Their beginnings have also been traced to medieval sects who protested against baptismal theory and practice. However, the Baptist faith is most commonly traced back to John Smyth and the Separatists who started the General Baptist Church in 1609. (McBeth) Baptist Churches did not start developing in the American colonies until mid-17th century. However, like any other religion they have their own uniqueness and pros and cons. There are several different factors that make the Baptist religion stand out from other religions. One of the main ones is the method of baptism. Some other churches baptize as infants, but the Baptist Church believe in believer’s baptism (McBeth). A believer’s baptism is an ordinance performed after a person professes Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, and it is symbolic of the cleansing of remission of their sins. This usually consists of lowering the candidate in water backwards, while the pastor recites the Trinitarian formula of Mathew 28:19. King James Version) Another unique factor in the formation of the Baptist Church is that with separation of church and state, early Baptists played an important role in the struggle for religious freedom. In fact, many early Baptist were imprisoned and even died for their faith. One of the important figures in this struggle was John Smyth, a former Anglican priest. He taught that true worship should be from the heart rather than reading a liturgy (McBeth). The Baptist Church still holds this view today. Believe it or not, some Baptists still have their own opinions on the reasons why Christ died for all the people or not. With so many religions out there, it is up to the individual to choose their beliefs. The Baptist religion has a rich history and its own unique set of beliefs and teachings. Some of these beliefs may be seen as positive, while others may be seen as negative. It is up to an individual to research, study and pray about which religion is right. There is only one that will fill the heart.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays

â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens This assignment is looking closely at a novel written before 1900. The book is called â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens. The novel is in the first person, autobiographical form, that it is Pip who looks back at his past life and recounts the event which led to the situation we find him in at the last chapter. Dickens creates some memorable people, realism is found in his settings. The two characters I shall concentrate on are Pip and Magwitch appears in the opening sequences of the novel but does not return until chapter 20 when Pip is twenty three. This second sequence reveals the identity of the person who has made Pip a ‘gentleman’. When Pip was a young boy his mother, father, and five brothers died. So Pip had to live with his sister and her husband the blacksmith Joe Gargery. His sisters house is a quite lonely house near the River Thames. The house has somewhat a wilderness about it. Magwitch is an escaped convict. Magwitch make it out that he is mean but later on we learn that he is not going to harm Pip. Magwitch is in the sort of situation where he fears for his life because he is a criminal. but he is a quiet religious man. The first time Pip meet the convict he was standing by his family’s gravestones. Dickens describes the scenery as a â€Å"raw afternoon towards evening† he then goes on to say â€Å"this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the church yard†. when Pip first saw Magwitch (the convict) he was scared and didn’t know what to do he saw the iron canes on his legs. Magwitch tipped Pip up side down then up right Pip said to him â€Å"don’t cut my throat sir†. and asked him where his parents are Pip pointed behind Magwitch, at this point Magwitch thought that Pips parents would be behind him and when he didn’t see anyone there he realised that he meant that they were dead.

Fetal Abnormality Essay

In the case by Jessica, Marco, Maria and Dr.William I believe that the theory they have used for this case study is the Moral Christian theory which says that it is god almighty who gave origin to us and knitted us in our mother’s womb from where all our lives have a meaning. Therefore in my opinion I feel that Jessica’s and Maria’s decision is wright about knitting the baby and go for the plan of god as god always have an intention in his every which shows a close resemblance to the moral standpoint of Christianity. The children with disability can also survive in this world. Jessica in this case as a strong believer of God going for gods will representing the act of a true Christian follower. I believe that everything in this world takes place according to gods plan and if a couple is meant to have a child with deformity, through this god is trying to teach something to the family or to improve the love and affection between the family members. After going thro ugh this case study on â€Å"Fetal abnormality† I feels it’s very apparent that Jessica and Maria taking decisions according to the Christian standpoint. Their aunt who decided to leave is going for gods will and ready to accept whatever that god has intended for their family. The moral Christian theory talks about the life of a true Christian by obeying the bible and following the commandments of god. The bible says a lot of good things about the humanism and the positive qualities have human beings should possess in order to get close to god. ‘’For you created my inmost being, you knit me together in my mother’s womb† I shall praise you for my entire life because you are the God of this entire universe wonderfully made, all your works in this entire universe is beautiful and for a reason, knowing the full well. There was nothing about me which was hidden from you when I was framed in the secret place, you woven me together in the depths of earth. You have seen my unformed body and all my days on this earth are written in your book even  before I was sent to this earth (Psalms 139:13-16). Those who are intended to go for the materialistic life on this earth, In this case study if they would have gone for abortion which is a materialistic or selfish way of thinking is against the word of god. Jessica’s and Maria’s decision for keeping the baby as the intention of god is derived from their strong belief in the god. A fetus formed in a mother’s womb despite of its abnormalities is still a human being and doing abortion is a sin. Here dr.Wilson and Marco is having a materialistic mortal viewpoint as they wants to do the abortion of the baby, everything that humans possess in this world are just physical in this world. References Christianity,.(2007).,Christian Moral Theory., Worldviews and Moral Visions retrieved from http://www3.nd.edu/~afreddos/courses/264/chmoral.htm

The Nature of Contagious Yawning

Report title: Contagious yawning Introduction Yawning in general Yawning is a common act in all humans from birth and is one of the best examples of a fixed action pattern; once a yawn begins it becomes unstoppable. It also occurs in the same way each time. Several theories have been proposed to explain its existence in everyday life. There has been no definitive way of explaining why yawning occurs. Communication, physiology and arousal will be discussed. Firstly, communication is proposed as a primary reason for yawning, by Guggisberg, Mathis, Herrmann & Hess (2007). They attribute yawning to vigilance and suggest that unconscious communication occurs to synchronise a group and show vigilance. Baenninger (1987) also suggest that yawning helps to maintain attention levels and it may have evolved to promote vigilance and further suggest that it could communicate drowsiness or illness to a group. Another theory suggests a physiological link, whereby the yawn maintains mental efficiency by regulating the brain temperature through a cooling mechanism (Palagi, Leone, Mancici & Ferarri, 2009). However, a study by Gallup & Gallup jr. (2008) has shown inconclusive results for this theory. Another theory suggests that yawning is due to arousal. Matikainen and Elo (2007) report that yawning increases arousal and helps the individual to waken up. They suggest that it is due to connections between the mouth and the neck which when stretched stimulates the carotid body responsible for oxygen homeostasis. However, research by Guiggisberg et al (2007) found opposing research and their results showed that arousal levels decreased after yawns. It is clear that further research needs to be conducted to find the causes of yawns, and it has been shown that there is possibly more than one answer for this problem. However conclusive evidence for any theory is yet to be found. Contagious yawning Seeing, hearing or even thinking about another person yawning can trigger a yawn, contagious yawns occur in 40-60% of human adults but its primary reason and function is still unknown. Some advancement nevertheless, has been made to explain its cause. The advance in research into contagious yawning has come from the discovery of mirror neurons (Arnott, Singhal & Goodale, 2009). These are cells which are located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIGF) and are active when an individual sees another perform and action. They activate in the same was as they do when an individual performs the task themselves. It is proposed that mirror neurons enable individuals to understand others experiences and emotional states. This research therefore suggests that seeing or hearing a yawn activates this area of the brain and so initiates a yawning action. It has also been proposed that as mirror neurons help to understand emotional states, it is closely linked with empathy. This means that contagious yawning could be linked to empathy too. Contagious yawning and empathy This study has been conducted to assess the relationship between contagious yawning and empathy. Previous research highlights a strong relationship. Arnott et al (2009) investigated empathy and auditory contagious yawning and their results show a positive correlation between the two with more yawns elicited by those who scored higher on the empathy scale given. The relationship was modest but still significant below . 05. Also Periol & Monaca (2006) point out that contagious yawning doesn’t occur in species that cant recognise themselves in the mirror, nor can infants under two, suggesting that sense of self is required which is a key element to understanding others. Other research has shown that those with autistic spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are unable to yawn contagiously as much as controls and that this is due to lack of empathy (Haker & Rossler, 2008). The premise of this study is to add to current research by expanding on Arnott et al’s research, by using visual stimuli. This study will test further the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning as this seems to be the area with most evidence. If the pilot data suggests a trend consistent with the current data then it will suggest further research and a full study should be conducted, however if the results gained show little evidence for a relationship then it will be suggested that other areas of contagious yawning should be looked into in more depth to find its possible cause. Hypotheses 1a) Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli a) Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Null hypotheses 1b) Visual stimuli does not elicit contagious yawning 2b) There is no difference in amount of contagious yawning and level of empathy. Method 30 Stirling University students took part. This experiment was a between participants design. Independent variable is number of yawns produced in each condition. Dependant variable is empathy score The experiment consisted of two parts. To begin, each participant was required to complete the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine empathy levels. From this the participants were classified as empathetic or non empathetic and form the two experimental groups (mean was calculated and sample split above and below the mean). After the empathy questionnaire was completed, the experimental phase began which contained two conditions, firstly a yawning condition (test phase) whereby participants were shown a slide show of 15 yawning faces each slide lasting 10seconds. Within the time period the participant was required to focus on each face and rate how many times the face made them feel like yawning or actually yawn. Secondly, participants were given a neutral condition whereby a similar slide show was given but with 15 neutral expressions. This was given as a control for the test phase so that condition effects could be tested for. If a similar frequency of yawn was observed in both phases then the yawns wouldn’t be classed as contagious, and attributed to boredom rather than condition. The two phases were reversed for half the participants for counterbalancing and also to aid understanding of when contagious yawning had occurred- neutral phase was not always last which may have indicated boredom, so results are more reliable. The analysis was in two parts firstly, the frequency of yawning was compared in each condition to determine if visual stimuli induced contagious yawning in the test phase compared to the neutral. Secondly, the analyses compared empathetic participants with non empathetic participants to test if empathy was related to contagious yawning. Examples of stimuli: Neutral phase Yawning phase [pic] [pic] All images contained a full face and expressions were face on to the participant in attempt to maintain validity for each phase. Results | Hypothesis 1 Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli Tests of normality showed that there was significance for yawning and so parametric tests were conducted. Graph 1 shows that there was a higher amount of yawns produced in the yawning condition than the neutral condition and the Wilcoxon test shows there was significantly different result. Z= -2. 722, p. 006 Graph 1 Total amount of yawing produced in each condition [pic] The significant difference found between yawning in the yawn condition and the neutral condition shows that contagious yawning occurred to visual stimuli, and the null hypothesis can be rejected. Therefore further analyses can be conducted into empathy and contagious yawning. Hypothesis 2 Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Graph 2 shows the relationship between the amount of yawns produced and empathy scores. Those with high empathy scores (62+) yawned more in the yawning condition compared to those with low empathy scores. However, the graph also shows similar amounts of yawning between empathy groups in the neutral condition. Graph 2 Total amount of yawning produced in each condition, split by empathy score. [pic] Due to small sample size and the data having an abnormal distribution a spearman’s rho test for correlation was conducted. It showed no significant relationship between empathy score and number of yawns produced in each condition, p= . 27 with a correlation of . 259, in neutral condition and p=. 686, with a correlation of . 96 in the yawn condition. Therefore the null hypothesis has to be accepted. Discussion Previous research has suggested that contagious yawning is due to empathy and a higher level of empathy suggests the individual is more likely to contagiously yawn. This study aimed to determine if this was found with visual stimuli in the form of consecutive images of individuals yawning on a screen. The study tested to see if contagious yawning could be induced by images and compared the results to number of yawns produced by images of neural expressions in the same format. The study also aimed to contribute to the existing knowledge on the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning. Due to the small sample size and the test for normality showing that there wasn’t a normal distribution of the data, the statistics performed were limited, and are not generalisable to the overall population. The results show that there was a significant difference between the two conditions and more yawns were produced in the yawning condition compared to the neutral. The study was conducted in a way that yawns produced by boredom could be controlled for. If it was the case that yawns were produced due to boredom then a similar frequency would be observed in both conditions especially as the conditions were counterbalanced. The results were highly significant (p=. 006) showing that yawns can be attributed to contagious yawning and not boredom, therefore the null hypothesis could be rejected and the hypothesis that yawning stimuli induces contagious yawning can be accepted. This contributes to the body of research on contagious yawning especially as Arnott et al (2009) has already shown contagious yawning can be elicited to auditory stimuli. This study, compared empathy scores with frequency of yawns in each condition to determine a relationship between the two as proposed by Haker & Rossler (2008), as well as in the study by Arnott et al. This study used the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine levels of empathy and the mean score was calculated in order to form two experimental groups of high and low empathy. This was only to test for a trend and is understood that due to the abnormal distribution of scores in the data, any results cannot be generalised, as the two experimental groups for empathy are not normally distributed. The results shown in graph 2, clearly show no difference between frequency of yawns and level of empathy especially in the neutral condition where the frequency of yawns for each empathy group are virtually the same. A slight difference is seen in the yawning condition and at a glance looks to suggest that higher empathy scores result in more yawns produced however with a closer look at the frequencies, it is clear that there is only a difference of one or two yawns and the statistical analysis shows no significant difference between empathy and yawns in both conditions. However it should be noted that the correlation conducted cannot be relied on too heavily due to the small sample size and so it can still be concluded that the graph shows a possible trend that for high empathy individuals, contagious yawning is more common. Especially as the graph shows a difference in similarity of empathy group based on condition (neutral shows no difference at all whereas yawn condition shows slight difference) Even though significance is not met and for this study the null hypothesis has to be accepted, the nature of the data and tests performed show that the results are not conclusive and trends can still be relied upon. There are however many limitations to this study. Clearly, with the study being a pilot for future research, the sample size was low and so generalisable results could not be hoped for however methodological improvements could be made to make trends found more reliable. Firstly, only one measure of empathy was used and so empathy scores were only based on specific answers to questions. Arnott et al used several in their study giving a better indication of empathy however due to the small scale of the study and limitations on resources meant only one could be found. The power point slides contained many faces and it was difficult to find yawning faces which looked like yawns and not open mouthed expressions, conveying a yawn through an image was much more complex than anticipated. Another point to consider was the nature of how the study was portrayed, the emphasis on yawning was placed from the beginning and so as one participant remarked he knew it was about yawning so he was thinking about it a lot in the first condition so even thought he was looking at neutral faces, he yawned as he was thinking about it. This shows how contagious yawning can be and how our results can be skewed. For further research, better conditions must be met and participants told of the premise of the study after two conditions had been undertaken. The self report table given to the participants during the study whereby they noted how many times they yawned or felt like yawning may need to include other contagious acts like laughing, to avoid yawns being induced by thinking. This would mean that further studies into contagious yawning would require more expressions to test the participant and so they don’t constantly think about how much they are yawning. Either that or possibly use a camera to record yawns so the participants focus is consistently on the stimuli. Conclusion The results show that visual stimuli can induce contagious yawning and so can aid further research when creating a method of testing yawning. The results obtained from empathy and contagious yawning although in significant, still suggest a trend and so could be further studied if more participant were used and a better methodology was introduced. The pilot study has shown the possibility of a link between contagious yawning and empathy and so needs to be further investigated. Bibliography Arnott, S. R. , Singhal, A. , Goodale, M. A. (2009), An investigation of auditory contagious yawning, Cognitive, Affective & Behavioural Neuroscience 9 (3) 335-342 Baenninger, R. (1987). Some comparative aspects of yawning in Betta splendens, Homo sapiens, Panthera leo, and Papio sphinx. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 349-354. Gallup, A. C. , Gallup, G. G, Jr (2008) Yawning and thermoregulation. Physiology and Behaviour 95 10-16. Guggisberg, A. G. ,Mathis, J. , Herrmann, U. S. , Hess, C. W (2007). The functional relationship between yawning and vigilance. Behavioural brain research  179 (1) 159-66. Haker, H. & Rossler, W. (2009) Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance. European Archive of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 352-361. Palagi, E. , Leone, A. , Mancini, G. , Ferrari, P. F. , (2009). Contagious yawning in gelada baboons as a possible expression of empathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (46) 19262-7. Perriol, M. P. & Monaca, C. (2006) One person yawning sets off everyone else. Journal of Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatry. 77) 3 3 Matikainen, J. , Elo, H (2008). Does yawning increase arousal through mechanical stimulation of the carotid body? Medical Hypotheses 70 488–492 | | |[pic] | | | | | Top of Form ———————– Condition Mean number of yawns Mean number of yawns

Exempel p opposition Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Exempel p opposition Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Exempel p opposition Exempel p opposition Nedanstende text r i redigerad form den opposition som framfrdes d Annelie Johanssons magisteruppsats i Svenska med didaktisk inriktning ventilerades. Den r tnkt att kunna anvndas som ett exempel p hur man kan lgga upp en opposition fr att seminariet ska bli en intressant och lrorik diskussion, ett samtal fr alla deltagare. Mlsttningen med seminariet r som alltid att uppsatsen ska frbttras s lngt det bara gr innan den publiceras i sin slutgiltiga version. Uppsatsens titel: Att producera eller reproducera text? En studie av fem gymnasiepojkars arbete. Frfattare: Annelie Johansson Oppositionens disposition INTRODUKTION -allmnt -specifikt PROCEDUR DISKUSSION -specifikt -allmnt 1 Oppositionens disposition Jag kommer frst att gra ett sammandrag av uppsatsen i sin helhet fr att f svar p om jag uppfattat din uppsats korrekt. Drefter kommer jag att redovisa ett allmnt omdme och lyfta fram styrkor och svagheter. Sedan gr jag in p sjlva oppositionen genom en bakgrundspresentation som gr frn det allmnna till det specifika fr att sedan snva in i en genomgng av uppsatsen med fokus p frgor om titeln -indikation -relevans -konstruktion -relation hur studien passar in i vad man redan vet -forskningsversikt -relevans i litteraturval, ev. andra frfattare -representativitet -tydlighet i kopplingen till det pgende samtalet hur du valt att gra din underskning -metod -material -reliabilitet -validitet -Mter underskningen det som avses? vad du kommit fram till/resultaten -relaterat till syfte och frgestllningar -koppling till teorin -behandling av resultaten -slutsatser r de rimliga? -fokus hur resultaten pverkar skolpraktiken, undervisningen och lrarutbildningen -diskussionen -resultatet i ett vidare perspektiv utomvetenskapligt, metodiskt, teoretiskt, praktiskt Under genomgngen kommer jag att stanna upp vid olika rubriker i din uppsats och ta upp ngra specifika frgor som jag har funderingar om. Det gller framfr allt fljande: -skrivuppgiften -metoden/genomfrandet -resultatet Jag kommer inte att uppehlla mig vid uppsatsens upplggning eftersom den fljer traditionella mnster och det inte finns s mycket att sga om den. Nr det gller sprkbehandling och formalia hnvisar jag till den srskilda sammanstllningen Kommentarer om sprk och formalia . 2 Sammandrag av uppsatsen som helhet Bakgrunden till din uppsats r att du ser en brist i elevernas skrivfrmga nr det gller att producera egna diskursiva texter med utgngspunkt i andras texter. Deras okunskap och ofrmga leder till reproducerande textskapande. Du framhller vikten av att frst hur elever producerar text fr att kunna hjlpa dem vidare i deras skrivande. Kunskap om elevens skrivprocess kan hjlpa lraren att snabbare fnga upp elever med problem och att vgleda dem i producerande av egentexter. Din underskning gr ut p att frst hur fem gymnasiepojkar gr nr de skapar text i en given provsituation dr kravet r att anvnda andras texter fr att producera en egen utredande och argumenterande text, en diskursiv text. Du vill veta hur de tnker om att skriva med egna ord, hur deras skrivprocess ser ut och i vilken grad de reproducerar eller producerar i sina texter. Din underskning utgr frn ett sociokulturellt perspektiv p lrande dr skrivandet utgr en kognitiv process som r socialt och kulturellt situerad. Din problemformulering lyder: Hur gr fem gymnasiepojkar till vga nr de skapar text i en diskursiv provsituation och hur beskriver de sin process? Hur visar sig de fem pojkarnas syn p skrivande, produktion och reproduktion i deras skrivprocess och i deras texter? Ditt material utgrs av elevernas texter utifrn en skrivuppgift med nationella provets A-uppgift som frlaga. Skrivuppgiften r av diskursiv karaktr och eleverna ska anvnda sig av referat eller citat av stimulanstexter fr att styrka sitt resonemang, sina argument och sin diskussion. Texten stller ven krav p mottagaranpassning. Uppgiften r formulerad utifrn en rad frgor med anknytning till stimulanstexterna och till d- och nuperspektiv. Materialet bestr ven av resultatet frn kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer av skrivsituationen. I din analys av texterna anvnder du som teori delar av Nils-Erik Nilssons indelning av texter i producerade och reproducerade texter. Fr att urskilja olika grad av avskrift anvnder du Sofia Asks modell fr olika avskriftsstt kopplat till referenser. Fr att beskriva hur eleverna tnker kring sitt skrivande och planeringen av det anvnder du den klassiska retorikens textbildningsfaser fr att drigenom belysa skrivprocessen. Resultaten av din underskning pekar p en tendens att de som har hgre betyg planerar sitt skrivande och sin text i hgre grad n de med lgre betyg. De med lgre eller medelhga betyg gr sin planering mentalt eller efter hand som de skriver. Eleverna har liten erfarenhet av refererande skrivande och signalerar att uppgiften r svr. Flertalet elever hittar drfr olika strategier fr att undvika uppgiftens krav.

Imply vs. Infer

Imply vs. Infer Imply vs. Infer Imply vs. Infer By Jacquelyn Landis If you have trouble choosing between imply and infer, you’re not alone. Many writers switch them even though they have distinct meanings. To imply is to suggest or express indirectly. To infer is to draw a conclusion. However, you’ll frequently see something like this: The news story inferred that the defendant was guilty. Even though some dictionaries support infer as a synonym for imply, the distinction is important. Without it, the meaning of the above example is unclear. Did the news story draw the conclusion that the defendant was guilty? Or did it simply suggest it? You really can’t tell for certain, can you? When you’re striving for clarity in writing, it’s critical to use the right words. In the case of imply and infer, it helps to remember that the speaker implies and the listener infers. Here are some quotations from newspapers: husband, Vitaly Stepanov, spoke with reporters and detailed the gravity of their situation. In it, Stepanova seemed to imply they feared for their safety, saying, If something happens to us, all of you should know, its not an (www.chicagotribune.com) if your tax returns are very classy, but not quite this classy? If you don’t release your returns, voters will infer that they’re not the very best tax returns. And if that’s all they know, they’ll infer that you’re in the (www.nytimes.com) at Duke University in North Carolina. Soft tissues are not preserved in fossils, so researchers have had to infer the details of dinosaur brains from the faint impressions the organs leave on the insides of fossilised skulls. (www.theguardian.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†40 Fish IdiomsOne "L" or Two?

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership - Essay Example As pointed out by Hughes et al(2002), â€Å"Leadership is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers and the situation.†(p 6). Therefore leadership cannot be assumed to be a position, rather it is a process of interaction between a leader, followers and the situation. In maintaining a competitive advantage, organizational leadership in health care districts must ensure efficient utilization of funds and other resources, ensure patient safety while also providing a positive health care environment to effectively manage health care services.(Waters 2005). The deficiencies that exist in both districts must be identified and addressed before formulating the new team. Peter Senge (1990) presented several ways of thinking and acting of the leadership of an organization in such a manner that learning systems within it can be changed to address the weaknesses. Cathon(2000) has applied these principles in a health care context, through the perspective of an interdepartmental health manager. On this basis, he challenges first all the preconceived notions of job limitations – for example, once a radiologist for example, always a radiologist. While moving into a new context, redefinition of roles may be necessary. As pointed out by Glen (2003), increased technological advances have also introduced the concept of physician intervention through video conferencing, which enables a physician to attend to several of his patients at various stages of recovery at one time. This has necessarily imposed greater responsibility on nurses who now make triage decisions, perform minor surgical procedures, administer drugs and manage treatments, some of which were the exclusive province of a physician’s job [Glen, 2003]. From 1996, the Government has empowered nurses to fill the gaps that have resulted as a result of reduction of hours for junior doctors, which has

Organizational Behavior And The Criminal Justice System Term Paper

Organizational Behavior And The Criminal Justice System - Term Paper Example With the idea that the criminal justice system consists of diverse individuals, it is clear how the organization can be characterized by numerous personalities, attitudes, and perceptions that can define or influence the overall organizational culture and impact its objectives. Such diversity can lead to chaos, non-performance, and inefficiency. In order to convert this into an advantage, the study of organizational behavior can be undertaken. For example, there is the job-skill match principle. Here, human resource managers in the criminal justice system must take pains to ensure that people being employed matches or fits their job. Say, a police officer's qualifications, character, and attitude must be suitable to his position. A good fit or match, wrote Mills et al. (2006), is one in which the potential employee and organization are compatible. (p. 98)Another excellent example is the way prisoners are managed in correctional facilities. As prisons play the important function of pr otecting the community from criminals, its fundamental responsibility is to rehabilitate offenders so that they do not become recidivists when they finally return to society. Rehabilitation programs involve changing the prisoners’ criminal behavior and tendencies that is why the organizational behavior is crucial. The sheer number of prisoners – with their varying profiles and attitudes – must be considered in measures that would provide opportunities for personal change and skills acquisition. This example leads us to the need to regulate and direct the way individuals within the organization interact with each other. In prisons, offenders in their relations with each other could create conflict when unchecked. Directing organizational behavior can help establish effective rules as well as mechanisms of conflict resolution and negotiation. Organizational Processes There are many other instances wherein individual processes in the context of organizational behav ior can help organizations to function better and become more productive. Because of this the top organizational managers of the criminal justice system make it a point to define and direct the organizational behavior of their respective organizations. For instance, the Central Office Strategic Apex of the American Correctional organization, in its mission statement, aims to: ensure that organizational behavior is in accordance with organizational goals and values; and, correct significant deviations in the