Onset Ventures Free Essay Example, 1250 words

In 1996-97, the size of an average VC fund increased by 40% to $71 billion. The company plans to raise $80m-$95m fund, it’s the largest fund till now. Onset has provided seed financing of $1m for the company TallyUp to develop a viable software product. Onset operates on a model of five business principles and a specific incubation process of pre-seed phase and seed phase to screen the business ideas. The company’s minimum target IRR of a fund is 30% over 12 year cycle. Onset puts in a company around $1m in seed round, $1.5m in the next round, and $2m in the third round. Onset I gave positive IRR within 4 years of its inception (appendix 1) and Onset II took only three years to give positive IRR (appendix 2). The average number of investment has increased in subsequent funds, i.e. $2.5m in Onset I, $3.5m to $4m in Onset II and expected $4.5m to $5m in Onset III. B. Implied Facts Over the last 13 years, Onset has invested mainly in seed-stage and early-stage financing. Onset II has performed better than Onset I (appendix 3). III. We will write a custom essay sample on Onset Ventures or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Problem Definition A. Source Problem How many funds must be raised for Onset III? Whether Onset should invest an additional $1m into TallyUp for development of beta version of the product or TallyUp should seek funding of $3m-$4m for product development and launch from the VC community. B. Secondary Problem How the funds raised for Onset III should be utilized? How the problems faced in either of the decisions of investment in TallyUp are dealing with? IV. Alternative Options The options available to Onset Ventures regarding the fund size and TallyUp investment are: 1. Proceed with the present four partners and decision of investing $5m per partner per year. This will lead to the required funds of $80m, excluding fees and miscellaneous expenses. 2. Anticipating the changing VC industry, the number of partners or sectors can increase, other than the technology sector might evolve with potential start-up funds seeking entrepreneurs. Therefore, additional funds to the already decided funds of $95m can be raised because the limited partners have already made commitments for $140m. 3. Provide $1m to TallyUp to develop beta version of the product. 4. Provide partial funds to TallyUp and assist it to raise remaining funds of the total $4m from other venture capitalists and launch its product in the market. This way Onset could increase its stake in the company and let the other venture firms take 15-20% ownership. V. Criteria 1. Continue the investment focus of the Onset II in Onset III.

Multiple Popular Parenting Styles Found - 1451 Words

Milton Cheek IV LIA 102 April 28, 2017 Cultural Paper In this paper I will be looking at multiple popular parenting styles found and studied in psychology. There are four common parenting styles found in most homes which include, Permissive, Authoritarian, Neglecting, and Authoritative. I will be defining only two of these styles, and giving examples of actions found in each, discussing the outcomes as well as, identifying which parenting style is most recommended for parenting. And how we as Christians view this topic as well. After we are conceived, we begin learning from the influence of others. Common knowledge is that humans are influenced by†¦show more content†¦Children may be also be self-involved and demanding. Children with permissive parents are likely to be aggressive, particularly if the parents are specifically permissive toward aggressiveness. This child is likely to be somewhat immature in their behavior with peers and in school. For example, child may throw temper tantrums at recess in reaction to â€Å"not getting their way† with their peers. Every child s parents aren t always committed to each other so if that child sees how it feels to not have both parents they tend to lack discipline. They don t learn right from wrong right away. In contemporary culture a lot of kids disobey their parents and guardians by not listening to what they have to say. This all ties into how do we know right from wrong ? Such as in this generation we say whooping s are wrong. But back in the day whooping s were an act of discipline. Even teachers had the ability to spank a child if he/she acted up in school. So how do we know if spanking a child is wrong or right now and days because that can be seen as child abuse. If a child is abused this can lead to so many things mentally and physically by causing certain children to be linked in with underage alcohol use plus other drugs; teens with permissive parents were three times more likely to engage in heavy drinking. ThisShow MoreRelatedWhy Chinese Mothers Are Superior By Amy Chua1119 Words   |  5 Pageseffectiveness of her parenting style. This is an excerpt from Amy Chua’s book Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. According to Behrens and Rosen, â€Å"the title â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† was written by the editors of the [Wall Street] Journal, not by Chua, most likely in an attempt (a successful one) to attract attention and encourage controversy† (261). Chua is a professor at Yale Law School (Behrens and Rosen 261). The purpose of this text is to inform readers about Chinese parenting styles and why ChineseRead MoreAuthoritative Parenting Essay2446 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Parenting a child from infant to the adult stage is a full-time responsibility that every parent takes on. The type of style used to socialize their children to conform adequately to the expected standards of conduct to function successfully in their society is the option that is decided by each parent. Since there are different ways of parenting a child, it is the parent’s responsibility to ensure that the child’s behavior is sufficient to live in society let alone act compliant inRead MoreWhat Is The Use Of Elecencephalographic Data?1606 Words   |  7 Pagestendency to display variations between the frontal asymmetry of those with depression and those without (Thibodeau, Jorgensen, Kim, 2006). The variations are related to approach and withdrawal mechanisms, which inherently affect factors such as a parenting style one chooses to adopt and the type of life one ends up living (Olino, Lopez-Duran, Kovacs, George, Gentzler, Shaw, 2011). Additionally, it is important to note that depression can be genetic and thus passed on to offspring (Levinson Nichols)Read MoreSample Letter For An Assignment Cover Sheet2360 Words   |  10 Pagesdifferent paths in life trying to explore the world to seek out their identity. Life goes through many changes, from infancy to late adulthood were there are trials and tribulations. An individual is influenced throughout life by multiple factors such as different styles of parenting, social stereotypes, ethnicities, and gender. Now what would happen if that perfect child was not perfect after all, instead they were the bully? Where did they go wrong through lifespan development? Understanding how aRead MoreThe Theory Of Love By Robert J. Sternberg1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout the weeks, which with the rise of positive psychology, social psychology and related studies has become an increasingly popular area of research. Christopher Peterson, a positive psychologist, coined the phrase â€Å"other people matter† – a phrase which now is associated with various disciplines of psychology. This phrase, â€Å"other people matter†, undertakes multiple meanings dependent on the context. It can be applied to early development studies of attachment theory, such as those by John BowlbyRead MoreI Dont Hknow1266 Words   |  6 Pagesparents remained sealed. This is an example of: closed adoption. Question 11 The average number of children born to women during their lifetimes is called the: total fertility rate. Question 12 Which is TRUE about adoption? Closed adoptions were popular in the past, but today adoptions are more likely to be open. Question 13 The transition to parenthood: provides a good example of â€Å"doing gender.† Question 14 According to the text, one reason that studies show that the costs of children outweighRead MoreThe Determinants Of Violence And Video Games Essay1988 Words   |  8 Pagesmost popular genre on the market (ESA, 2016). Many of these games includes violence, gore and sexuality. Even â€Å"E† rated games can provide gender discrimination, hypersexualization and violence without blood. Many youth wants to play video games because of its trend. With all the violence happening in the world like school shootings, homicides, domestic abuse. Many factors can affect these sad events such as different personality trait of the individual, different parenting style, multiple externalRead MoreJane Is An Undergraduate Student At A Private University1723 Words   |  7 Pagescontact with her father, and very dependent on him for emotional support, and even complete financial support while she is away for school. Jane has stated frequently how homesick she is often for her father, and despi te her mother’s contrasting parenting skills, Jane still has an overwhelming desire to make them both happy. While away at a university, Jane has had difficulty with both peer, and romantic relationships. She has had difficulty with her roommates every year while at school, and eachRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violent Behavior1960 Words   |  8 Pagesincrease in aggressiveness, while others suggest a decrease in criminality. The increase in the diversity of game platforms makes playing violent video games easier to play, which is a source of concern. Video games are not solidly anchored in the popular culture, while in the past an eccentric pastime no longer exists (Fournis 1). In 1971, the First Amendment was adopted to primarily protect speech critical to the government; in contrast to the English seditious libel laws, which allowed punishmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Mammoth Like Trucks 1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthat raised her with concerted cultivation, she was able to acquire skills and encouragement that allowed her to begin writing at a young age. In the book Outliers, s ociologist Annette Lareau states that concerted cultivation is a middle class â€Å"parenting style† that attempts to actively â€Å"foster and assess a child’s talents, opinions and skills,† granting the child earlier advantages such as self esteem and additional education (Gladwell 104). In Rowling’s early childhood, she was often encouraged by

Interracial Relationships free essay sample

Intermarriage is one of the most provocative words in the English language. Clotye Murdock Larsson, Marriage Across the Color Line Not every interracial couple is free from racism, even in todays modern world. Racism, although it being a very derogatory and controversial term, is very much alive in modern day society. Even though racial tensions had progressively subsided during the years, some people still have trouble accepting the concept of todays multiracial society. These strong racial identities and lingering prejudices, particularly toward African Americans, limit this most intimate form of integration. Racial tension predominated in the 1960s, and it influenced the view people had on interracial relationships. That mentality: however, has had little change since then. Back in the day, the talk of interracial relationships or anything of the sort vas looked down upon. Actually, if someone were to be involved in an interracial relationship in those times, that person would have definitely been shunned, mistreated, or possibly abused. We will write a custom essay sample on Interracial Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Racial tension and discrimination were a part of the daily lives for couples that didnt have that kind of mentality. Interracial couples in the 1960s certainly struggled with gaining acceptance, especially from the members of the white community. The white community was not only one of the largest races in the U. S. at the time but it was also the most dominating class with the most authority in the 1960s. Though situations have changed, racism is still systemic and webbed across all sectors of the society. Whites still dominate almost every major organization such as economic, legal, political and educational (Feagin. Par. 1 pg. 25). Whites had the power to choose what was right nd what was wrong, making interracial relationships, in their eyes, a wrong. Whites in the 1960s dominated major organizations as some whites do today and as a result, the whites of the 60s were able to manipulate and control virtually all of the media. If any news of a colored person or mixed couple was revealed, whites could negotiate to not let such news be released to the public. They would mostly conceal negative news such as abuse, murder, and rape of colored people. Actually, many enslaved women have accounts-sometimes numerous- of sexual exploitation y white men (Feagin. ast Par. Pg. 46). Despite the hostile situation that colored people and people in interracial relationships had to go through, the numbers of biracial relationships kept on growing through the years. The popular media continuously reported the blurring boundaries between racial and ethnic groups ( Lewis. Par. l pg. l ). There began an increase in the number of int erracial marriages. Information from the U. S. Census Bureau was used to analyze changes in the number and frequency of interracial marriages in American society over a 22-year time frame ( Lewis. Par. l pg. l ). As part of the census the Bureau reported that in the 1990s there were interracial marriages, compared to 651,000 in 1980 (Interracial Marriage. Par. 3). This rise in number is clearly an indication that the relations between the races have improved over the past century, but undoubtedly, theres still a long way to go. Just because there was an increase in interracial marriage does not mean that there is an automatic decrease in racism. For there to be a decrease in racism there n s to be a will to change and an acceptance of reality. The beginning of mostly all opinions and ideas develop in the home environment. Family members share thoughts and ideas throughout the course of an entire lifetime. This could ultimately result in people approving of incorrect assumptions, which they choose to believe is true, one of those assumptions being that integrating different races in not right. Studies have shown that, in general, Caucasians- which are people from the white race- tend to disapprove of the interracial marriages , while blacks tend to approve of them (Interracial Marriage Par. 6). There are many examples of how kind of situation is viewed in real life. One example of this can be seen in the motion picture of Corrina, Corrina. In this movie Corrinas sister, Mannys mother, and a nosy neighbor all express their disapproval of Manny and Corrinas interracial romance (Corrina, Corrina Par. 1). A situation such as this one explains how culturally divided our world still is. Of course, there is a positive side to entering a biracial relationship. It is said that intermarriage can be viewed as a barometer of the extent to which racial oundaries are atrophying (Golebiowska. Par. l). This means that intermarriage has a way of blurring the lines between the races thus creating a more cohesive and integrated ambiance for everyone. Families, in general, whether they are Chinese, African American, Hispanic, etc. , tend to lean towards what is familiar or close to them. As it mentions in the book Coping with Interracial Dating, parents may find different people to be Just that- different. Some people only accept what is familiar- their own race, background, religion and opinions (Nash. Par. 5 pg. 6).

Learning Disabilities Essays - Psychiatry, Medicine, Health

"Learning Disabilities" Learning disabilities are neurologica lly-based processing problems. These processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such as reading, writing and/or math. They can also interfere with higher level skills such as organization, time planning, abstract reasoning, long or short-term memory and attention. People with disabilities adds challenges to their life's and other people's life's because they must help them 24/7. "A large Canadian study found that people with learning disabilities -particularly women - had a much higher rate of suicidal behavior than did the general population, even when controlling for risk factors like depression, substance abuse, and economic status learning disabilities are tests that we are born with." ADHD What is ADHD? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. "ADHD was first mentioned in 1902. British pediatrician Sir George Still described "an abnormal defect of moral control in children." children with ADHD also may struggle with low self-esteem, troubled relationships and poor performance in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. However, some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms. But they can learn strategies to be successful. ADHD has significant deficits in self-care and adaptive functioning that are more disparate from their level of intelligence than do children with mild developmental delay. There are behaviors indicative of ADHD as Reported by parents Inattentive ADHD:, Loses books and work materials, easily distracted, ignores instructions, short attention span, poor attention to details, cannot finish homework in a timely manner. Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD fidgety, runs around the living room, sits in unusual positions and moves constantly, leaves his/her seat at the dinner table, constantly talking, impulsive and cannot wait for his/her turn. Combined ADHD When children demonstrate the combined type of ADHD, all the behavioral indicators reported above may be seen. I have ADHD. it's sometimes hard to accept that I have ADHD. It doesn't go away and it's with you even with medication. Medication makes it easier to do things but it's still there. ADHD is the most common disability that exists. Have you ever wondered about the statistics of ADHD? Boys are 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than Girls. The ratio of the boys and girls being diagnosed with ADHD is 13.2:5.6. Life with ADHD is challenging but people can do it. If I can do it, so can you. Down syndrome On August 12, 2010, a little girl named Cambria was born with a disability known as Down Syndrome. This girl is my little sister. One day I will become her High School teacher. Cambria is a bright young girl. When she was born I knew that it would take a lot of work to be her older sister. Since I was an 11, I became one of her biggest helpers. She is now 7 years old. If you have Down Syndrome, it is common to be born with a hole in your heart. It can either close by itself or you have to do it by surgery. It is also common to have mild or severe heart defects. Down Syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21. There are more than 50,000 people with down syndrome in Germany. There are about 400,000 people with down syndrome in the US. "What causes Down Syndrome? During normal conception, which defines the beginning of life for the baby, the mother and father each contribute 23 chromosomes - usually resulting in a child with 46 chromosomes. With most cases of Down syndrome, the child gets an extra chromosome 21, which gives him/her a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This added genetic material causes the physical and developmental conditions associated with Down syndrome. How often does this condition occur? Down syndrome affects approximately 1 out of every 800 pregnancies. Why do they call it Down syndrome? Down syndrome was named after a British doctor, John Langdon Down, who first described the condition in 1887. However, the extra chromosome that causes the condition wasn't identified until 1959. What are some of the physical complications? Nearly one-half of the children with Down syndrome will

Pride and Predujice - Contrast essays

Pride and Predujice - Contrast essays Discuss the ways contrast are used to define the characters in a novel you have studied. Jane Austin uses contrast extensively in the book, Pride and Prejudice. There is examples of it in the contrast between Darcy and Lizzie, one is a proud man, contrasted with the outer, who without intentionally mean or wanting to, is prejudiced to wards most. There is also another important contrast between Charlotte and Lizzie, on the one hand Lizzy is determined to marry for love, and love alone, but on the other hand, Charlotte will marry the next person who proposes, believing happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. The third and final contrast I am going to speak about is the contrast between Mr. and Mrs. Bennett. The couple, who have no doubt been marries for many years always amaze me, how could two people, who occasionally hate each other with such a passion remain married all this time. The contrast between Darcy and Lizzie in the book is no doubt the most obvious contrast, and in my opinion also the most important. It has been said that Darcy's Pride leads to prejudice, and Elizabeths prejudice stems from a pride in her own perceptions, so although somewhat interchangeable, the two lead characters are always in a state of contrast. The contrast between the characters is used to define them quite brilliantly. We can learn most from a character from their interaction with the scene around them, which is especially true of Darcy. His pride causes him to behave accordingly, when he comments on Lizzie she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me. This is the first sign of any feelings of Darcys towards Lizzie. To the reader Darcy is defined as an evil man, not one who would marry the story heroine. But how perceptions change. With plenty of time for the pair to spend together when Jane is ill, Darcy first falls for Lizzie, but to Lizzie, Darcy's comments at the previous ball sti ...

Free Essay on Eugenics

Free Essay on Eugenics Free Essay on Eugenics Eugenics focused on the idea that the heredity was everything. How relevant is such a perspective in relation to criminality today? This paper focuses on aspects of eugenics as an element that has for a long time in history been considered as paramount in controlling human reproduction. The paper addressed the various eugenic practice in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as well as in the contemporary world, particularly in the western hemisphere. The main reasons why certain human racial groups embrace the use of this practice are also addressed. The relevance of eugenics to the various societies used, in relation to criminality today, are widely discussed in this paper. Eugenics is a scheme that is widely used to enhance an improved human race through a controlled reproduction. This is a practice that became common, reaching much popularity between the late 19th century and the Second World War (Glass 1999, p. 89). A good example of the wide use of eugenic principles was when the German Nazis carried massive sterilization and genocide. Other eugenics forms have been practiced across the universe and are effective in contemporary China, where the population is strictly limited. Major advancements research in medicine such as the human genome project, the society, is still striving to resolve various issues of ethics emerging from eugenic theories (Glass 1999, p. 89). Eugenics is the practice and theory that has been used to improve the generic quality of the human population; it is a social philosophy which advocates genetic traits of humanity, by promoting higher reproduction of individuals with certain desired traits and reducing people of less desired traits (Weikart 2006, p. 57). Positive eugenics encourage higher reproduction of individuals while negative eugenics is viewed as an undermining factor to humanity, because individuals perceived to belong to such category face the risk of being killed as a way of elimination. In the 20th century, ideologies resulting from negative Eugenics led to mass genocide of the Jews during the Hitler’s regime. Elimination of individuals in regard to traits of race and ethnicity has commonly been used in mass murder of certain populations in Europe and North America (Weikart 2006, p. 57). For instance, the genocide of the native Indians in the North American regions is a good example of racial profili ng emerging from eugenic ideologies. Eugenics considered the heredity as everything and many individuals did not want certain traits to be passed to the succeeding generation. Certain traits were considered inferior by some groups and faced the risk of being eliminated. In the early 20th century, social Darwinist viewed medical care as relatively weak and an increased ability to survive, contrary to letting nature take its due course of effective elimination of people (Weikart 2006, p. 57). In Germany, fear was growing among certain individuals that the intervention of medics and welfare policies enabled weak and relatively improvised citizens to sap and survive the nation’s resources. Such ideologies emerging from particular sub-racial groups in Germany expressed how eugenics were considered as everything. Most groups who supported such ideologies felt that the weaker racial or ethnic groups, did not have any right to use the country’s resources (Weikart 2006, p. 57). From one region to another, the mode of reaching the conclusion that a group was inferior highly varied. Support for eugenics in the early 20th century was common across various regions of the world, especially in North America and Europe. There were movements across diverse regions in support of eugenics, openly supporting more birth rates of the fittest individuals and less for the unfit (Ferguson, 2012, p. 83). People who supported the weak or unfit population groups in the society were highly criticized and the term â€Å"racial hygiene† was introduced to encourage aspects of eugenics. For instance, a movement leader in the United States, Margaret Sanger declared more children from the fit and less for the unfit as the key issue of controlled birth rate (Ferguson, 2012, p. 83). This concept by Sanger was readily accepted by communities across the US during the first decade of the 20th century. By 1912, a total of 34 states in the US had already passed laws that rightly denied insane people the right of marriage. Nine states denied epileptic people the right of marriage while 15 states banned the mentally challenged people from marrying each other. Criminal justice of this period continued to be greatly motivated by both economic and social considerations in their arguments that, various feeble minded citizens would not be allowed to pass their undesirable traits to the generation that followed (KüHl 2002, p. 49). Eugenic ideologies became more common throughout the period before the Second World War. Western Europe was characterized by similar eugenic ideologies with criminal justices of various European countries completely in support of such eugenic reasoning. The criminal justice systems of various countries during this time, supported groups thought to be fit by the authorities (Turda Weindling 2006, 107). The unfit groups were not protected by the judges and did not have the rights of marriage in most cases. The proponents of eugenics commonly played a major role in nationalistic fears of diluted stock of race. In Europe, issues of race were used in eugenic profiling barring various sub racial groups in the region from multiplying. The US mainly held eugenic ideologies in regard to common disabilities such as mental and physical challenges. Prior to the Second World War, leading physicians and biologists welcomed an idea by Hitler, one race at the epitome of the new state of Germany (Marrus 1989, p. 90). This resulted into concentration camps as well as genetic research on human beings that defined the Holocaust. The contemporary eugenic ideologies The early 20th century foresaw hundred thousand of Americans who were considered unfit, forcibly being sterilized for what was dubbed as a process of improving the human race. The Criminal Justice in one of its darkest historical chapters sanctioned the process declaring that three generations of unfit Americans were enough. It was not surprising for many Americans during this time to deem the communities they considered unfit or weak, as nothing of the kind. Such communities lived as the most vulnerable group in the region. This is one of the darkest chapters of the United States, which was prevalently characterized by major offensive of the community as well as the Criminal Justice (Thomson 1998, p. 102). The west coast state of California had higher cases of eugenic laws showing higher levels of racial profiling in the America’s History. In the last few decades, eugenic ideologies are still common among individuals and criminal justice of the US, though at a mild rate. According to revelations by a new report compiled by the Centre of Investigative reporting, it was found that between 2006 and 2010 elements of eugenics took place in a health care Centre, in California (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In this report, doctors working under contract at the Californian Correction and Rehabilitation department were alleged to have sterilized at least 150 female inmates without any approval from relevant authorities. In order to sterilize such people, it required approvals from the top medical official in the Sacramento, as required by the Californian state law. These are shocking revelations at a time when most people thought issues of eugenic did not matter anymore (Bauman 2013, p. 44). The revelation is a true testimony that, in the contemporary America, eugenics are still considered as highly important among certain individuals. Issues of controlled birth rates are highly popular in the western societies. Although issues of eugenic ideologies are not much rampant in the region, there are groups that are racially discriminated and face the risk of being sterilized contrary to their wish. Many health professionals in the western societies argue; the cost of being sterilized is relatively small as compared to the cost of rearing a larger number of children. Doctors in the United States are occasionally reported having been engaged in sterilizing procedures of prisoners, especially female inmates (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In most cases, these doctors inquire about the size of inmates’ families before performing sterilizing procedures. Most targeted prisoners were pressured to have various tubal ligations. Inmates with numerous children were sterilized as medics expressed their procedures was only meant to empower the prisoners to have manageable families. In the United States, individuals with many children find it difficult financing the upbringing of the large number of children. For inmates, having a large number of children is seen as a burden to the society, as children need somebody to take care of them (Hasian 1996, p. 68). Issues of eugenics ideologies on the inmate communities are commonly reported across different states of the US. Most of these medics do not seek approval of the state as it is taken as a noble act. More plausible explanations by various professional doctors who have been performing sterilizations, state sterilization as a procedure is commonly done to many people who volunteer to have themselves sterilized. These doctors feel taking the collective responsibility of ensuring that people have lesser, and easily manageable number of children would be ideal for quality life (Hasian 1996, p. 68). For such reasons, inmates with a big number of children should face similar procedures to ensure children are offered the best quality of life. The North American region, particularly the US, has for many years been characterized with forced sterilization. Cases of a continued eugenic genocide in the contemporary America are not a surprise to the majority of people living in the US and abroad. In the modern day society cases of eugenic ideologies, only lack the brutality the Nazis exercised in Germany, before the Second World War. Although today’s societies lack the brutal elements experienced in the early 20th century, there is a war against the weak, which is operated at milder conditions. Horrors of racial hygiene and cases of forced sterilization of inmates, the mentally ill and the poor, have been common in the state of California for decades. In other states, this practice was legal until in the 1970s (Mazumdar 1992, p. 81). Throughout the US, most states made this practice illegal and did not eliminate it. The view of children as a gift from God was no longer applicable in these scenarios. California was the first state in the US to prohibit the sterilization of individuals viewed as weak in the society. Similar to prisons in other parts of the US, the practice, was not eliminated and inmates perceived to be weak were sterilized. Various groups from different parts of the world have been protesting sterilizing of weak communities in today’s societies, all in vain (Hasian 1996, p. 68). This is because most practices taking place across different prisons in the US are not timely detected and most of the inmates falling victims do not disclose their ordeal. In the 21st century, social progressives view eugenics as an ideal tool for both social improvement and reform. Conservatives view eugenics as a tool that has for long been used to limit groups of lower income and reduce their caring cost. There are various ideologies overlapping these political agendas. For example, in the Great Britain and Scandinavian movements of eugenics, the aspect of race played a relatively minor role. This is simply because the majority of people living in this region belong to similar racial groups (Bauman 2013, p. 44). In the North American region, the Anglo Saxons were the majority group and viewed the other groups from either southern Europe or Africa with great suspicion and occasionally blamed them for various social problems like crime, poverty and prostitution. The world may have forgotten the famous steps of Hitler in his dream of creating a super race, but similar practices are still in the contemporary world societies. Cases of eugenic practices in the modern societies are relatively mild, unlike eugenic procedures in the early 20th century, which were commonly brutal (Hasian 1996, p. 68). In today’s society, eugenic practices are considered as important as they were in the past. The recent cases of sterilization of prisoners in the US are good examples of eugenics practices in modern societies. Eugenic of the modern day society are secretly evident unlike in the twentieth century, when social policies widely embraced elements of eugenics to groups that were considered as weak or unfit (Bauman 2013, p. 44). Although major cases of eugenic practice are commonly reported in the United States, most of these incidences happen on extremely discreet occasions. If you need a custom essay written from scratch by professional writers you can get professional writing help from .

Western Civilization Class Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Western Civilization Class - Research Paper Example upon the life of the average worker, the following analysis will be concentric upon discussing these unique nuances in light of the way that they affected different groups. Furthermore, by referencing and analyzing conditions, societal structure, and life for the working class during the 19th century, the analysis will also focus upon how workers were treated within the factories, whether women and children were treated differently than men, what primary sanitation standards or conditions existed for the workers, and how these working conditions affected their overall health. Finally, a discussion and analysis of whether or not this author believes that workers were treated in this manner for a reason will be discussed. It is the hope of this particular student that the reader will be able to gain a more informed and relevant level of understanding concerning these questions as a direct result of the information and primary source documentation which will be analyzed within this brie f essay. All things considered, life for the average 19th century working class was anything but pleasant. These individuals were faced with a litany of different hardships. Among these included: long hours, poor conditions, health hazards, poor treatment at the hands of supervisory staff or managers, poor sanitation, low wages, and oftentimes horrendous living conditions. Naturally, there were seeking differentials with respect to the way in which individuals experienced 19th century later. For instance, wife in the coal mines was significantly worse as compared to my in a cotton field work wife working in a factory. Whereas it is not express intent of this particular analysis to differentiate between what types of 19th century labor could be considered as â€Å"good† and which types of 19th century labor could be considered as â€Å"bad†, general understanding that is one that appreciates the fact that nearly all members of the working class suffered from the hardships and

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what Essay

Analyze and discuss that negative connotation, first explaining what you believe the phrase Slant of light refers to in Emily Dickinsons Poem 258, - Essay Example In the first two lines of the poem Dickinson describes a certain quality of light, which leads the reader to think of it as a poem about nature. In stanzas two and three, the reader finds that the poem is not on nature, but the ‘light â€Å"spoken of, is about as state of mind. In alluding light to be â€Å"Cathedral Tunes† or â€Å"winter light â€Å" Dickinson uses the important feature of light to explain the person’s state of mind when encountering the light but not the light itself. Poem #258 is made up of for stanzas each having four lines and is mostly in the trochaic meter. In describing Dickinson’s poems, Edith Wylder said, â€Å"Her punctuation system is an integral part of her attempt to create in written form the precision of meaning inherent in the tone of the human voice. (Edith Wylder, 1971) therefore the use of the word light is more implied in Dickinson’s poem and is not used with its literal

The Baptist Faith Essay Example for Free

The Baptist Faith Essay Many Baptist can trace their origins to the early church, a period when churches consisted of committed worshippers who were baptized upon confession of faith as adults. Their beginnings have also been traced to medieval sects who protested against baptismal theory and practice. However, the Baptist faith is most commonly traced back to John Smyth and the Separatists who started the General Baptist Church in 1609. (McBeth) Baptist Churches did not start developing in the American colonies until mid-17th century. However, like any other religion they have their own uniqueness and pros and cons. There are several different factors that make the Baptist religion stand out from other religions. One of the main ones is the method of baptism. Some other churches baptize as infants, but the Baptist Church believe in believer’s baptism (McBeth). A believer’s baptism is an ordinance performed after a person professes Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, and it is symbolic of the cleansing of remission of their sins. This usually consists of lowering the candidate in water backwards, while the pastor recites the Trinitarian formula of Mathew 28:19. King James Version) Another unique factor in the formation of the Baptist Church is that with separation of church and state, early Baptists played an important role in the struggle for religious freedom. In fact, many early Baptist were imprisoned and even died for their faith. One of the important figures in this struggle was John Smyth, a former Anglican priest. He taught that true worship should be from the heart rather than reading a liturgy (McBeth). The Baptist Church still holds this view today. Believe it or not, some Baptists still have their own opinions on the reasons why Christ died for all the people or not. With so many religions out there, it is up to the individual to choose their beliefs. The Baptist religion has a rich history and its own unique set of beliefs and teachings. Some of these beliefs may be seen as positive, while others may be seen as negative. It is up to an individual to research, study and pray about which religion is right. There is only one that will fill the heart.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Essays

â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens This assignment is looking closely at a novel written before 1900. The book is called â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens. The novel is in the first person, autobiographical form, that it is Pip who looks back at his past life and recounts the event which led to the situation we find him in at the last chapter. Dickens creates some memorable people, realism is found in his settings. The two characters I shall concentrate on are Pip and Magwitch appears in the opening sequences of the novel but does not return until chapter 20 when Pip is twenty three. This second sequence reveals the identity of the person who has made Pip a ‘gentleman’. When Pip was a young boy his mother, father, and five brothers died. So Pip had to live with his sister and her husband the blacksmith Joe Gargery. His sisters house is a quite lonely house near the River Thames. The house has somewhat a wilderness about it. Magwitch is an escaped convict. Magwitch make it out that he is mean but later on we learn that he is not going to harm Pip. Magwitch is in the sort of situation where he fears for his life because he is a criminal. but he is a quiet religious man. The first time Pip meet the convict he was standing by his family’s gravestones. Dickens describes the scenery as a â€Å"raw afternoon towards evening† he then goes on to say â€Å"this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the church yard†. when Pip first saw Magwitch (the convict) he was scared and didn’t know what to do he saw the iron canes on his legs. Magwitch tipped Pip up side down then up right Pip said to him â€Å"don’t cut my throat sir†. and asked him where his parents are Pip pointed behind Magwitch, at this point Magwitch thought that Pips parents would be behind him and when he didn’t see anyone there he realised that he meant that they were dead.

Fetal Abnormality Essay

In the case by Jessica, Marco, Maria and Dr.William I believe that the theory they have used for this case study is the Moral Christian theory which says that it is god almighty who gave origin to us and knitted us in our mother’s womb from where all our lives have a meaning. Therefore in my opinion I feel that Jessica’s and Maria’s decision is wright about knitting the baby and go for the plan of god as god always have an intention in his every which shows a close resemblance to the moral standpoint of Christianity. The children with disability can also survive in this world. Jessica in this case as a strong believer of God going for gods will representing the act of a true Christian follower. I believe that everything in this world takes place according to gods plan and if a couple is meant to have a child with deformity, through this god is trying to teach something to the family or to improve the love and affection between the family members. After going thro ugh this case study on â€Å"Fetal abnormality† I feels it’s very apparent that Jessica and Maria taking decisions according to the Christian standpoint. Their aunt who decided to leave is going for gods will and ready to accept whatever that god has intended for their family. The moral Christian theory talks about the life of a true Christian by obeying the bible and following the commandments of god. The bible says a lot of good things about the humanism and the positive qualities have human beings should possess in order to get close to god. ‘’For you created my inmost being, you knit me together in my mother’s womb† I shall praise you for my entire life because you are the God of this entire universe wonderfully made, all your works in this entire universe is beautiful and for a reason, knowing the full well. There was nothing about me which was hidden from you when I was framed in the secret place, you woven me together in the depths of earth. You have seen my unformed body and all my days on this earth are written in your book even  before I was sent to this earth (Psalms 139:13-16). Those who are intended to go for the materialistic life on this earth, In this case study if they would have gone for abortion which is a materialistic or selfish way of thinking is against the word of god. Jessica’s and Maria’s decision for keeping the baby as the intention of god is derived from their strong belief in the god. A fetus formed in a mother’s womb despite of its abnormalities is still a human being and doing abortion is a sin. Here dr.Wilson and Marco is having a materialistic mortal viewpoint as they wants to do the abortion of the baby, everything that humans possess in this world are just physical in this world. References Christianity,.(2007).,Christian Moral Theory., Worldviews and Moral Visions retrieved from http://www3.nd.edu/~afreddos/courses/264/chmoral.htm

The Nature of Contagious Yawning

Report title: Contagious yawning Introduction Yawning in general Yawning is a common act in all humans from birth and is one of the best examples of a fixed action pattern; once a yawn begins it becomes unstoppable. It also occurs in the same way each time. Several theories have been proposed to explain its existence in everyday life. There has been no definitive way of explaining why yawning occurs. Communication, physiology and arousal will be discussed. Firstly, communication is proposed as a primary reason for yawning, by Guggisberg, Mathis, Herrmann & Hess (2007). They attribute yawning to vigilance and suggest that unconscious communication occurs to synchronise a group and show vigilance. Baenninger (1987) also suggest that yawning helps to maintain attention levels and it may have evolved to promote vigilance and further suggest that it could communicate drowsiness or illness to a group. Another theory suggests a physiological link, whereby the yawn maintains mental efficiency by regulating the brain temperature through a cooling mechanism (Palagi, Leone, Mancici & Ferarri, 2009). However, a study by Gallup & Gallup jr. (2008) has shown inconclusive results for this theory. Another theory suggests that yawning is due to arousal. Matikainen and Elo (2007) report that yawning increases arousal and helps the individual to waken up. They suggest that it is due to connections between the mouth and the neck which when stretched stimulates the carotid body responsible for oxygen homeostasis. However, research by Guiggisberg et al (2007) found opposing research and their results showed that arousal levels decreased after yawns. It is clear that further research needs to be conducted to find the causes of yawns, and it has been shown that there is possibly more than one answer for this problem. However conclusive evidence for any theory is yet to be found. Contagious yawning Seeing, hearing or even thinking about another person yawning can trigger a yawn, contagious yawns occur in 40-60% of human adults but its primary reason and function is still unknown. Some advancement nevertheless, has been made to explain its cause. The advance in research into contagious yawning has come from the discovery of mirror neurons (Arnott, Singhal & Goodale, 2009). These are cells which are located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIGF) and are active when an individual sees another perform and action. They activate in the same was as they do when an individual performs the task themselves. It is proposed that mirror neurons enable individuals to understand others experiences and emotional states. This research therefore suggests that seeing or hearing a yawn activates this area of the brain and so initiates a yawning action. It has also been proposed that as mirror neurons help to understand emotional states, it is closely linked with empathy. This means that contagious yawning could be linked to empathy too. Contagious yawning and empathy This study has been conducted to assess the relationship between contagious yawning and empathy. Previous research highlights a strong relationship. Arnott et al (2009) investigated empathy and auditory contagious yawning and their results show a positive correlation between the two with more yawns elicited by those who scored higher on the empathy scale given. The relationship was modest but still significant below . 05. Also Periol & Monaca (2006) point out that contagious yawning doesn’t occur in species that cant recognise themselves in the mirror, nor can infants under two, suggesting that sense of self is required which is a key element to understanding others. Other research has shown that those with autistic spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are unable to yawn contagiously as much as controls and that this is due to lack of empathy (Haker & Rossler, 2008). The premise of this study is to add to current research by expanding on Arnott et al’s research, by using visual stimuli. This study will test further the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning as this seems to be the area with most evidence. If the pilot data suggests a trend consistent with the current data then it will suggest further research and a full study should be conducted, however if the results gained show little evidence for a relationship then it will be suggested that other areas of contagious yawning should be looked into in more depth to find its possible cause. Hypotheses 1a) Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli a) Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Null hypotheses 1b) Visual stimuli does not elicit contagious yawning 2b) There is no difference in amount of contagious yawning and level of empathy. Method 30 Stirling University students took part. This experiment was a between participants design. Independent variable is number of yawns produced in each condition. Dependant variable is empathy score The experiment consisted of two parts. To begin, each participant was required to complete the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine empathy levels. From this the participants were classified as empathetic or non empathetic and form the two experimental groups (mean was calculated and sample split above and below the mean). After the empathy questionnaire was completed, the experimental phase began which contained two conditions, firstly a yawning condition (test phase) whereby participants were shown a slide show of 15 yawning faces each slide lasting 10seconds. Within the time period the participant was required to focus on each face and rate how many times the face made them feel like yawning or actually yawn. Secondly, participants were given a neutral condition whereby a similar slide show was given but with 15 neutral expressions. This was given as a control for the test phase so that condition effects could be tested for. If a similar frequency of yawn was observed in both phases then the yawns wouldn’t be classed as contagious, and attributed to boredom rather than condition. The two phases were reversed for half the participants for counterbalancing and also to aid understanding of when contagious yawning had occurred- neutral phase was not always last which may have indicated boredom, so results are more reliable. The analysis was in two parts firstly, the frequency of yawning was compared in each condition to determine if visual stimuli induced contagious yawning in the test phase compared to the neutral. Secondly, the analyses compared empathetic participants with non empathetic participants to test if empathy was related to contagious yawning. Examples of stimuli: Neutral phase Yawning phase [pic] [pic] All images contained a full face and expressions were face on to the participant in attempt to maintain validity for each phase. Results | Hypothesis 1 Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli Tests of normality showed that there was significance for yawning and so parametric tests were conducted. Graph 1 shows that there was a higher amount of yawns produced in the yawning condition than the neutral condition and the Wilcoxon test shows there was significantly different result. Z= -2. 722, p. 006 Graph 1 Total amount of yawing produced in each condition [pic] The significant difference found between yawning in the yawn condition and the neutral condition shows that contagious yawning occurred to visual stimuli, and the null hypothesis can be rejected. Therefore further analyses can be conducted into empathy and contagious yawning. Hypothesis 2 Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Graph 2 shows the relationship between the amount of yawns produced and empathy scores. Those with high empathy scores (62+) yawned more in the yawning condition compared to those with low empathy scores. However, the graph also shows similar amounts of yawning between empathy groups in the neutral condition. Graph 2 Total amount of yawning produced in each condition, split by empathy score. [pic] Due to small sample size and the data having an abnormal distribution a spearman’s rho test for correlation was conducted. It showed no significant relationship between empathy score and number of yawns produced in each condition, p= . 27 with a correlation of . 259, in neutral condition and p=. 686, with a correlation of . 96 in the yawn condition. Therefore the null hypothesis has to be accepted. Discussion Previous research has suggested that contagious yawning is due to empathy and a higher level of empathy suggests the individual is more likely to contagiously yawn. This study aimed to determine if this was found with visual stimuli in the form of consecutive images of individuals yawning on a screen. The study tested to see if contagious yawning could be induced by images and compared the results to number of yawns produced by images of neural expressions in the same format. The study also aimed to contribute to the existing knowledge on the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning. Due to the small sample size and the test for normality showing that there wasn’t a normal distribution of the data, the statistics performed were limited, and are not generalisable to the overall population. The results show that there was a significant difference between the two conditions and more yawns were produced in the yawning condition compared to the neutral. The study was conducted in a way that yawns produced by boredom could be controlled for. If it was the case that yawns were produced due to boredom then a similar frequency would be observed in both conditions especially as the conditions were counterbalanced. The results were highly significant (p=. 006) showing that yawns can be attributed to contagious yawning and not boredom, therefore the null hypothesis could be rejected and the hypothesis that yawning stimuli induces contagious yawning can be accepted. This contributes to the body of research on contagious yawning especially as Arnott et al (2009) has already shown contagious yawning can be elicited to auditory stimuli. This study, compared empathy scores with frequency of yawns in each condition to determine a relationship between the two as proposed by Haker & Rossler (2008), as well as in the study by Arnott et al. This study used the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine levels of empathy and the mean score was calculated in order to form two experimental groups of high and low empathy. This was only to test for a trend and is understood that due to the abnormal distribution of scores in the data, any results cannot be generalised, as the two experimental groups for empathy are not normally distributed. The results shown in graph 2, clearly show no difference between frequency of yawns and level of empathy especially in the neutral condition where the frequency of yawns for each empathy group are virtually the same. A slight difference is seen in the yawning condition and at a glance looks to suggest that higher empathy scores result in more yawns produced however with a closer look at the frequencies, it is clear that there is only a difference of one or two yawns and the statistical analysis shows no significant difference between empathy and yawns in both conditions. However it should be noted that the correlation conducted cannot be relied on too heavily due to the small sample size and so it can still be concluded that the graph shows a possible trend that for high empathy individuals, contagious yawning is more common. Especially as the graph shows a difference in similarity of empathy group based on condition (neutral shows no difference at all whereas yawn condition shows slight difference) Even though significance is not met and for this study the null hypothesis has to be accepted, the nature of the data and tests performed show that the results are not conclusive and trends can still be relied upon. There are however many limitations to this study. Clearly, with the study being a pilot for future research, the sample size was low and so generalisable results could not be hoped for however methodological improvements could be made to make trends found more reliable. Firstly, only one measure of empathy was used and so empathy scores were only based on specific answers to questions. Arnott et al used several in their study giving a better indication of empathy however due to the small scale of the study and limitations on resources meant only one could be found. The power point slides contained many faces and it was difficult to find yawning faces which looked like yawns and not open mouthed expressions, conveying a yawn through an image was much more complex than anticipated. Another point to consider was the nature of how the study was portrayed, the emphasis on yawning was placed from the beginning and so as one participant remarked he knew it was about yawning so he was thinking about it a lot in the first condition so even thought he was looking at neutral faces, he yawned as he was thinking about it. This shows how contagious yawning can be and how our results can be skewed. For further research, better conditions must be met and participants told of the premise of the study after two conditions had been undertaken. The self report table given to the participants during the study whereby they noted how many times they yawned or felt like yawning may need to include other contagious acts like laughing, to avoid yawns being induced by thinking. This would mean that further studies into contagious yawning would require more expressions to test the participant and so they don’t constantly think about how much they are yawning. Either that or possibly use a camera to record yawns so the participants focus is consistently on the stimuli. Conclusion The results show that visual stimuli can induce contagious yawning and so can aid further research when creating a method of testing yawning. The results obtained from empathy and contagious yawning although in significant, still suggest a trend and so could be further studied if more participant were used and a better methodology was introduced. The pilot study has shown the possibility of a link between contagious yawning and empathy and so needs to be further investigated. Bibliography Arnott, S. R. , Singhal, A. , Goodale, M. A. (2009), An investigation of auditory contagious yawning, Cognitive, Affective & Behavioural Neuroscience 9 (3) 335-342 Baenninger, R. (1987). Some comparative aspects of yawning in Betta splendens, Homo sapiens, Panthera leo, and Papio sphinx. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 349-354. Gallup, A. C. , Gallup, G. G, Jr (2008) Yawning and thermoregulation. Physiology and Behaviour 95 10-16. Guggisberg, A. G. ,Mathis, J. , Herrmann, U. S. , Hess, C. W (2007). The functional relationship between yawning and vigilance. Behavioural brain research  179 (1) 159-66. Haker, H. & Rossler, W. (2009) Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance. European Archive of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 352-361. Palagi, E. , Leone, A. , Mancini, G. , Ferrari, P. F. , (2009). Contagious yawning in gelada baboons as a possible expression of empathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (46) 19262-7. Perriol, M. P. & Monaca, C. (2006) One person yawning sets off everyone else. Journal of Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatry. 77) 3 3 Matikainen, J. , Elo, H (2008). Does yawning increase arousal through mechanical stimulation of the carotid body? Medical Hypotheses 70 488–492 | | |[pic] | | | | | Top of Form ———————– Condition Mean number of yawns Mean number of yawns

Exempel p opposition Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Exempel p opposition Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Exempel p opposition Exempel p opposition Nedanstende text r i redigerad form den opposition som framfrdes d Annelie Johanssons magisteruppsats i Svenska med didaktisk inriktning ventilerades. Den r tnkt att kunna anvndas som ett exempel p hur man kan lgga upp en opposition fr att seminariet ska bli en intressant och lrorik diskussion, ett samtal fr alla deltagare. Mlsttningen med seminariet r som alltid att uppsatsen ska frbttras s lngt det bara gr innan den publiceras i sin slutgiltiga version. Uppsatsens titel: Att producera eller reproducera text? En studie av fem gymnasiepojkars arbete. Frfattare: Annelie Johansson Oppositionens disposition INTRODUKTION -allmnt -specifikt PROCEDUR DISKUSSION -specifikt -allmnt 1 Oppositionens disposition Jag kommer frst att gra ett sammandrag av uppsatsen i sin helhet fr att f svar p om jag uppfattat din uppsats korrekt. Drefter kommer jag att redovisa ett allmnt omdme och lyfta fram styrkor och svagheter. Sedan gr jag in p sjlva oppositionen genom en bakgrundspresentation som gr frn det allmnna till det specifika fr att sedan snva in i en genomgng av uppsatsen med fokus p frgor om titeln -indikation -relevans -konstruktion -relation hur studien passar in i vad man redan vet -forskningsversikt -relevans i litteraturval, ev. andra frfattare -representativitet -tydlighet i kopplingen till det pgende samtalet hur du valt att gra din underskning -metod -material -reliabilitet -validitet -Mter underskningen det som avses? vad du kommit fram till/resultaten -relaterat till syfte och frgestllningar -koppling till teorin -behandling av resultaten -slutsatser r de rimliga? -fokus hur resultaten pverkar skolpraktiken, undervisningen och lrarutbildningen -diskussionen -resultatet i ett vidare perspektiv utomvetenskapligt, metodiskt, teoretiskt, praktiskt Under genomgngen kommer jag att stanna upp vid olika rubriker i din uppsats och ta upp ngra specifika frgor som jag har funderingar om. Det gller framfr allt fljande: -skrivuppgiften -metoden/genomfrandet -resultatet Jag kommer inte att uppehlla mig vid uppsatsens upplggning eftersom den fljer traditionella mnster och det inte finns s mycket att sga om den. Nr det gller sprkbehandling och formalia hnvisar jag till den srskilda sammanstllningen Kommentarer om sprk och formalia . 2 Sammandrag av uppsatsen som helhet Bakgrunden till din uppsats r att du ser en brist i elevernas skrivfrmga nr det gller att producera egna diskursiva texter med utgngspunkt i andras texter. Deras okunskap och ofrmga leder till reproducerande textskapande. Du framhller vikten av att frst hur elever producerar text fr att kunna hjlpa dem vidare i deras skrivande. Kunskap om elevens skrivprocess kan hjlpa lraren att snabbare fnga upp elever med problem och att vgleda dem i producerande av egentexter. Din underskning gr ut p att frst hur fem gymnasiepojkar gr nr de skapar text i en given provsituation dr kravet r att anvnda andras texter fr att producera en egen utredande och argumenterande text, en diskursiv text. Du vill veta hur de tnker om att skriva med egna ord, hur deras skrivprocess ser ut och i vilken grad de reproducerar eller producerar i sina texter. Din underskning utgr frn ett sociokulturellt perspektiv p lrande dr skrivandet utgr en kognitiv process som r socialt och kulturellt situerad. Din problemformulering lyder: Hur gr fem gymnasiepojkar till vga nr de skapar text i en diskursiv provsituation och hur beskriver de sin process? Hur visar sig de fem pojkarnas syn p skrivande, produktion och reproduktion i deras skrivprocess och i deras texter? Ditt material utgrs av elevernas texter utifrn en skrivuppgift med nationella provets A-uppgift som frlaga. Skrivuppgiften r av diskursiv karaktr och eleverna ska anvnda sig av referat eller citat av stimulanstexter fr att styrka sitt resonemang, sina argument och sin diskussion. Texten stller ven krav p mottagaranpassning. Uppgiften r formulerad utifrn en rad frgor med anknytning till stimulanstexterna och till d- och nuperspektiv. Materialet bestr ven av resultatet frn kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer av skrivsituationen. I din analys av texterna anvnder du som teori delar av Nils-Erik Nilssons indelning av texter i producerade och reproducerade texter. Fr att urskilja olika grad av avskrift anvnder du Sofia Asks modell fr olika avskriftsstt kopplat till referenser. Fr att beskriva hur eleverna tnker kring sitt skrivande och planeringen av det anvnder du den klassiska retorikens textbildningsfaser fr att drigenom belysa skrivprocessen. Resultaten av din underskning pekar p en tendens att de som har hgre betyg planerar sitt skrivande och sin text i hgre grad n de med lgre betyg. De med lgre eller medelhga betyg gr sin planering mentalt eller efter hand som de skriver. Eleverna har liten erfarenhet av refererande skrivande och signalerar att uppgiften r svr. Flertalet elever hittar drfr olika strategier fr att undvika uppgiftens krav.

Imply vs. Infer

Imply vs. Infer Imply vs. Infer Imply vs. Infer By Jacquelyn Landis If you have trouble choosing between imply and infer, you’re not alone. Many writers switch them even though they have distinct meanings. To imply is to suggest or express indirectly. To infer is to draw a conclusion. However, you’ll frequently see something like this: The news story inferred that the defendant was guilty. Even though some dictionaries support infer as a synonym for imply, the distinction is important. Without it, the meaning of the above example is unclear. Did the news story draw the conclusion that the defendant was guilty? Or did it simply suggest it? You really can’t tell for certain, can you? When you’re striving for clarity in writing, it’s critical to use the right words. In the case of imply and infer, it helps to remember that the speaker implies and the listener infers. Here are some quotations from newspapers: husband, Vitaly Stepanov, spoke with reporters and detailed the gravity of their situation. In it, Stepanova seemed to imply they feared for their safety, saying, If something happens to us, all of you should know, its not an (www.chicagotribune.com) if your tax returns are very classy, but not quite this classy? If you don’t release your returns, voters will infer that they’re not the very best tax returns. And if that’s all they know, they’ll infer that you’re in the (www.nytimes.com) at Duke University in North Carolina. Soft tissues are not preserved in fossils, so researchers have had to infer the details of dinosaur brains from the faint impressions the organs leave on the insides of fossilised skulls. (www.theguardian.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†40 Fish IdiomsOne "L" or Two?

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership - Essay Example As pointed out by Hughes et al(2002), â€Å"Leadership is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers and the situation.†(p 6). Therefore leadership cannot be assumed to be a position, rather it is a process of interaction between a leader, followers and the situation. In maintaining a competitive advantage, organizational leadership in health care districts must ensure efficient utilization of funds and other resources, ensure patient safety while also providing a positive health care environment to effectively manage health care services.(Waters 2005). The deficiencies that exist in both districts must be identified and addressed before formulating the new team. Peter Senge (1990) presented several ways of thinking and acting of the leadership of an organization in such a manner that learning systems within it can be changed to address the weaknesses. Cathon(2000) has applied these principles in a health care context, through the perspective of an interdepartmental health manager. On this basis, he challenges first all the preconceived notions of job limitations – for example, once a radiologist for example, always a radiologist. While moving into a new context, redefinition of roles may be necessary. As pointed out by Glen (2003), increased technological advances have also introduced the concept of physician intervention through video conferencing, which enables a physician to attend to several of his patients at various stages of recovery at one time. This has necessarily imposed greater responsibility on nurses who now make triage decisions, perform minor surgical procedures, administer drugs and manage treatments, some of which were the exclusive province of a physician’s job [Glen, 2003]. From 1996, the Government has empowered nurses to fill the gaps that have resulted as a result of reduction of hours for junior doctors, which has

Organizational Behavior And The Criminal Justice System Term Paper

Organizational Behavior And The Criminal Justice System - Term Paper Example With the idea that the criminal justice system consists of diverse individuals, it is clear how the organization can be characterized by numerous personalities, attitudes, and perceptions that can define or influence the overall organizational culture and impact its objectives. Such diversity can lead to chaos, non-performance, and inefficiency. In order to convert this into an advantage, the study of organizational behavior can be undertaken. For example, there is the job-skill match principle. Here, human resource managers in the criminal justice system must take pains to ensure that people being employed matches or fits their job. Say, a police officer's qualifications, character, and attitude must be suitable to his position. A good fit or match, wrote Mills et al. (2006), is one in which the potential employee and organization are compatible. (p. 98)Another excellent example is the way prisoners are managed in correctional facilities. As prisons play the important function of pr otecting the community from criminals, its fundamental responsibility is to rehabilitate offenders so that they do not become recidivists when they finally return to society. Rehabilitation programs involve changing the prisoners’ criminal behavior and tendencies that is why the organizational behavior is crucial. The sheer number of prisoners – with their varying profiles and attitudes – must be considered in measures that would provide opportunities for personal change and skills acquisition. This example leads us to the need to regulate and direct the way individuals within the organization interact with each other. In prisons, offenders in their relations with each other could create conflict when unchecked. Directing organizational behavior can help establish effective rules as well as mechanisms of conflict resolution and negotiation. Organizational Processes There are many other instances wherein individual processes in the context of organizational behav ior can help organizations to function better and become more productive. Because of this the top organizational managers of the criminal justice system make it a point to define and direct the organizational behavior of their respective organizations. For instance, the Central Office Strategic Apex of the American Correctional organization, in its mission statement, aims to: ensure that organizational behavior is in accordance with organizational goals and values; and, correct significant deviations in the

Terrorist Organizations Analyze Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terrorist Organizations Analyze - Research Paper Example USA has been the prime target of the terrorist mainly from the Islamic countries of the Middle East. Recent attacks on USA by the terrorist groups generated a path for exploring the detailed requirement for the study of modern terrorism. The author Robert, J, Chasdi delivers a perfect insight within the complexities of state sponsored as well as non state sponsored terrorism. A quantitative analysis have been made by the author to highlight on the terrorism acts within the period of 1968 to that of 1993 through his previous book Serenade of suffering which covers the terrorism spread in Middle Eastern countries within the time span of 1968 to that of 1993. The author stressed on terrorist systems and their activities mainly within the four countries namely Algeria, Turkey, Egypt and Israel. He also focuses on elucidating various socioeconomic parameters that promote terrorism, help of political factors and the people who are adversely affected by these terrorist attacks. This book de livers the fact that the international terrorism has augmented at high levels along posing immense threats on the Western nations. The foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are mainly international terrorist organizations that are designated by the US Secretary with legal jurisdiction under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The FTOs play a significant role for the purpose of neutralizing the terrorist organization and their violent activities. ... : http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm The foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are mainly international terrorist organizations that are designated by the US Secretary with legal jurisdiction under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). The FTOs play a significant role for the purpose of neutralizing the terrorist organization and their violent activities. In this article published from the US department of State also elucidates the detailed activities of various terrorist groups designated by the US department of State giving a chronological analysis of the activities of the terrorist organizations and also measures taken by them. The appropriate legal criteria for the purpose of designation of the terrorist organizations by Secretary of State have been also provided. 4. Shishani, M,B, (2010), Abdullah Azzam Brigades Claim to be Defenders of Sunnis in Lebanon. Terrorism Monitor, 8(45) This journal article is based on the perspectives of global terr orism analysis. This article is dedicated towards depicting the terrorist group Abdullah Azzam Brigades and their activities in Lebanon. The backdrop of this article starts with activities of a Saudi leader of Lebanese state who has proactively urged the Sunni Muslims for the purpose of refusing cooperation with the Lebanese state claimed to be infiltrated as well as dominated by Shite Hezbollah movement. The leader of Lebanon Abdullah Azzam Brigades is Al-Qarawi. Al Qawari leads the movement from Lebanon and he possesses immense access to Lebanon’s political activities and debates. This article also reveals the group’s objectives and the leader’s criticism. In a statement Qari defending the Sunni Muslims stated that Sunnis in Lebanon are â€Å"among the greatest sects of the oppressed

Diffusion Coefficient of 2m NACL in Water

Diffusion Coefficient of 2m NACL in Water This experiment aims to determine the diffusion coefficient of a liquid mixture, sodium chloride solution, in de-ionized water. This is done through the use of a honeycomb diffusion cell which consists of 121 vertical capillaries which are 5mm long and 1mm in diameter. Ficks Law of Diffusion is used in this experiment to calculate the diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride solution in de-ionized water. The change in concentration of the sodium chloride in the de-ionized water is measured by using the conductivity meter, since sodium chloride dissociates in water. The calculated value of diffusion coefficient was compared with the literature value derived from Eletrochemistry textbook, and the difference in values will be discussed. Some assumptions are being made to make the calculations much simpler. The concentration at the lower end of the diffusion cell is assumed to be equal to 2M, which is the molarity of the sodium chloride solution. The concentration at the upper end of the diffusion cell is taken to be effectively zero. Certain factors that affect diffusion and the calculation of the diffusion coefficient are also discussed to understand more about their effects on diffusion. However, this experiment did not place emphasis on these factors, and these factors are assumed to be negligible in the experiment as steps have been taken to minimise their presence in this experiment. Objective The objective of this experiment is to determine the diffusion coefficient of 2M Sodium Chloride solution in de-ionised water. Principles 1. Diffusion Molecular diffusion, or simply known as diffusion, is a spontaneous process that results in the net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to another region of lower concentration. This net transport is a result of the intrinsic thermal energy present in all molecules at temperatures above absolute zero. The phenomenon of diffusion can be mathematically described using Ficks Law (or Ficks 1st Law), which states that for a two component system consisting of A and B, the molar flux, Ni , of the individual component (i = A, B) is defined as: (1) where D is the diffusion coefficient , Ci is the concentration of component i, and is the concentration gradient in the z-direction. The negative sign indicates the flow of transport is from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration. In the context of this experiment, Ficks law in one-dimension is considered, and there is no mean flow of mixture in the experimental set-up. Therefore, Equation (1) for the molar flux is valid for this experiment. 2. Experimental Set-up A diffusion cell is an instrument that is used to study the diffusion of liquid or gaseous mixtures. The diffusion cell used in this experiment consists of a honeycomb of 121 accurately dimensioned vertical capillaries that are 5mm long and 1mm wide in diameter. This is to restrict the diffusion to a one -dimensional diffusion. To prepare the diffusion cell for use, a small volume of concentrated solution is first placed on one side of the honeycomb, whilst the other side consists of a large volume of pure solvent (de-ionized water). The concentration within the larger volume will increase gradually as diffusion of the solute occurs. This change in concentration is monitored closely with a conductivity sensor and meter. To ensure a uniform concentration within the larger volume, the mixture is continuously stirred with a magnetic stirrer. (Figure 1) The concentration at the lower end of the tube is in fact constant and is equal to the molarity of the solution. The concentration at the upper end of the tube is effectively zero (Figure 2). Honeycomb structure with capillaries Concentration of solution outside tube is zero Concentration of solution inside tube is 2M NaCl Therefore it can be said that: (2) where M is the molarity of the solution and L is the length of the tube. The amount of sodium chloride diffusing per unit time from the capillary is approximately: (3) where d is the diameter of the capillary, n is the number of capillaries and L is the length of the capillary. Outside the tube, since sodium chloride is able to dissociate in water into sodium and chloride ions, the accumulation of the sodium chloride salt in the de-ionized water can be easily calculated by the measurement of change in the conductivity k of the solution with respect to time t. The amount of sodium chloride accumulating per unit time outside the vessel is approximately: (4) where V is the volume of water in outer vessel and CM is the conductivity change for unit molarity change and has the value of 0.41ÃŽÂ ©-1M-1 for the solution used in this experiment. Mass balance requires that the amount of sodium chloride going out of the capillaries must be equals to the amount of sodium chloride accumulated in the de-ionized water. (5) Therefore, (6) By rearranging Equation (6), (7) All the terms in equation (7) are constants and known, except for . However, to determine, we can plot a graph of conductivity as a function of time and find the gradient, which is equals to. Thus, by plotting conductivity as a function of time, the value of the diffusion coefficient D for the sodium chloride solution can be determined. Equipment and Materials One litre vessel with cell holder (Figure 3) Magnetic stirrer with variable speed (Figure 3) Magnetic stir bar (Figure 3) Diffusion cell (Figure 4) Conductivity meter (Figure 5) Conductivity leads Stopwatch (Figure 6) A bottle of de-ionized water (Figure 7) 50 ml beaker (Figure 8) 2M sodium chloride solution in a 100ml glass bottle (Figure 9) Experimental Procedure The one litre vessel was filled with de-ionized water up to 1cm below the graduation (black) mark. The magnetic stirrer was set to the lowest setting. The conductivity meter was connected to the electrodes and then switched on. The reading on the conductivity meter was noted to be less than 10-4ÃŽÂ ©-1 (1 ÃŽÂ ©-1 = 1 Siemens). The diffusion cell was completely filled with 2M (molarity) sodium chloride solution (116.9g NaCl/litre). Excess solution on top of the capillaries and on the sides was wiped off gently with a soft tissue. The diffusion cell was clamped in its position with the top of the capillaries lying parallel with the graduation mark on the vessel. The vessel was carefully filled to the graduaton mark with the provided de-ionized water bottle. The nozzle of the bottle was aimed away from the capillaries and towards the wall of the vessel, so as to minimise the turbulence caused. The timer was started immediately when the vessel was filled to the graduation mark. The reading on the conductivity was noted down at the same time. The conductivity readings were noted down every 200 seconds till 3600s. After the end of Run 1, the solution in the vessel and diffusion cell was disposed. Both the vessel and the diffusion were washed thoroughly with de-ionized water. Steps (1) to (10) were repeated to get another set of readings for Run 2. Results The results are tabulated in Table 1. Questions Plot conductivity (k) versus time (t) and determine the slope of the best fit straight line through the points. From the plot, the gradient of slope of the best fit straight line for Run 1 and Run 2 are 4 x 10-8 and 3 x 10-8 respectively. Determine the diffusion coefficient of 2M NaCl using equation (6). To use equation (6), we need the value for . The value for is determined from the graph. We will take the average of the gradient of the 2 slopes we get from the graph. = = 3.5 x 10 -8 Where, V = 1 Litre = 0.001 m3 L = 5mm = 0.005 m CM = 0.41ÃŽÂ ©-1M-1 n = 121 M = 2M d = 1mm = 0.001 m (gradient of slope) = 3.5 x 10^-8 (ÃŽÂ ©s)-1 For = 3.5 x 10^-8 (ÃŽÂ ©s)-1, How does your value(s) compare with literature values? Comment on sources of error. Table 2 is obtained from the literature of an Electrochemistry textbook. The data in the table are obtained by various experimental techniques, such as tracer diffusion determination. The diffusion coefficient of Na+ and Cl- ions in water, extracted from relevant data in Table 2, are found to be 1.33 x 10-5 cm2/s and 2.03 x 10-5 cm2/s respectively. These ionic diffusion coefficients do not take into consideration the effect of solvation of the water molecules on the ionic species. From Table 2, both the sodium ion and chloride ion have different diffusion coefficient from each other. However sodium chloride diffuses with only one coefficient, therefore we need to compute the average diffusion coefficient, DNaCl. From the equation: (8) j1 = j2 = Dc1 = [] c1 The average diffusion coefficient of the electrolyte NaCl , DNaCl = 2 (9) (1/DNa+ + 1/DCl- ) = 2 (1/1.33 + 1/2.03) x 105 = 1.607 x 10-5 cm2/s = 1.607 x 10-9 m2/s Percentage difference between experimental and literature values of diffusion coefficient = (2.246 1.607)/(1.607) x 100% = + 39.8% The experimental diffusion coefficient values of 2.246 x 10-9 m2/s is slightly higher than the literature value of 1.607 x 10-9 m2/s, and this could be due to some possible sources of error (Will be further discussed in the next section). The calculated value (DNaCl) based on Table 2, equation (8) and (9) does not take into consideration the effect of hydration of the water molecules on the ionic species. The phenomenon of solute-solvent interaction between sodium chloride and water is called hydration. The solute and the solvent both interact to form a new species, which is the actual species diffusing in the solvent Hence, it should be expected that our experiment value will be different from the literature value (DNaCl), as hydration do play a part in the experiment. In addition, the high concentration of the sodium chloride solution (2M) may result in convection, which will also affect the rate of diffusion. (Will be further under Discussions) Possible Sources of Error S/N Possible Sources of Error Solution 1. If thewalls of the capillary tubes arewet, or if the diffusion tube is filled up too slowly or wrongly, air bubbles may form underthe capillariesin the honeycomb structure. The bubbles can significantly impede diffusion through the capillaries, affecting the rate of diffusion. Ensure that no air bubbles are formed in or under the honeycomb structure. This can be achieved by filling the diffusion cell slowly. 2. Evaporation of water from the 1 litre vessel during the experiment could affect thevolume present in the vessel and hence diffusion coefficient would be affected, since the calculation of the diffusion coefficient involves the volume of water present in the vessel. The vessel could be covered with a cover or lid to minimise evaporation of water. 3. The stopwatch should be startedas close as possible to the instant when the water covers the surface of the capillaries. This is because significant changes in concentration can occur at this pointintime due to the steep concentration gradient between the 2 solutions. However, human reaction time will result in some delay. Have one person to fill up the vessel until the honeycomb structure is fully submerged in water, while another person looks from the side and starts the stopwatch once the honeycomb structure is fully submerged. This will minimise the human reaction time. 4. The solution may not be well-stirred enough, thus resulting in a higher concentration at the diffusion surface than the rest of the solution. Have more than one conductivity sensor at various locations or depth along the vessel enables us to get more accurate conductivity readings by averaging the values obtained. 5. The needle was fluctuating at some of the instant when readings were supposed to be taken, making it hard to determine the value to be recorded. By the time the needle stabilised, it has already exceeded the stipulated time (e.g. 1000s), and the reading obtained from the meter would not reflect the conductivity of the solution at that particular time but instead for another timing. A data logging system should be used where signals from the conductivity meter used for the diffusion cell can be recorded into a computer at fixed regular time interval. This helps to eliminate human error from poor judgment in the reading of results as well as allows for a more accurate reading of the conductivity. 6. The vessel may not be thoroughly cleaned from previous experiment by other students, therefore leaving sodium chloride residue at the wall of the vessel. This may add to the conductivity of the solution during the diffusion experiment when the vessel is filled with de-ionised water and therefore lead to an error when calculating the diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride. Clean the equipments thoroughly once more with de-ionised water to ensure that no residues are present on the equipment. 7. Small air bubbles could have been trapped at the opening of the capillaries of the diffusion cell before the start of the experiment. This would affect the diffusion rate of the sodium chloride solution. A porous plate can be used. It enables the solute and solvent to pass through freely, minimizing the chance where the molecules are stuck at the pores or in the capillaries. 8. Convection occurred in the experiment is a major factor that will affect the accuracy of our experiment. Effort has been made to minimized convection. However, the extent in which convection has affected our experiment values is unknown. The rotation of the magnetic stirrer could introduce convection currents in the water. The addition of dye to the vessel containing watercan be used to determine whether the magnetic stirrer is causing too much convection. This should be done before the commencement of the actual experiment to ensure minimal or no convection are present. The dye should never be used during the commencement of the experiment as it might interfere with the diffusion rate of sodium chloride solution. 9. The changes in the conductivity may be so small such that the analog meter is not able to detect the changes. The use of an analog meter also depends on how the person judges the values of the readings when the needle is in between the markings on the meter. This might result in random errors. A digital conductivity meter or data logger should be used to minimise the random errors that might be introduced if an analog meter is used. A digital conductivity meter or data logger would be more able to reflect the small changes in conductivity of the solution, giving us readings that are more accurate and more precise. 10. The temperature of the sodium chloride solution in the diffusion cell and the water in the vessel is assumed to be the same and constant throughout the experiment. However, this may not be true due to the fact that the experimental setup is exposed to the surroundings, thus it is very difficult to ensure constant temperature within the system, unlike the case of a water bath. Temperature, however, does affect the diffusion coefficient. Conduct the experiment in an enclosed environment to minimise contact with the surroundings. Measure the temperature of the water and sodium chloride solution constantly to ensure constant and identical temperature throughout the experiment. Discussions Solute-Solvent interaction (hydration) In the experiment, the species that are diffusing are not just pure sodium and chloride ions. In fact, sodium chloride and water interact to give a new species which is the actual species diffusing in the solvent. The effect of hydration can be studied by using the following flux equation: (10) j1 = D0 (1 + ) c1 (11) j1 = (1 + ) c1 where D0 is the new diffusion coefficient, ÃŽÂ ¼ is the solvent viscosity, R0 is the solute radius, and Ɔ1 is the activity coefficient. Equation (10) and (11) can be affected by hydration in two ways. These two factors are the hydrated species radius R0, and the concentration dependence of diffusion. From equation (11), the solute radius R0 is that of the hydrated species. This can be related to the true solute radius R0 by the following equation: à Ã¢â€š ¬ R03 = à Ã¢â€š ¬ (R0)3 + n() (12) Where VH2O is the molar volume of water and n is the hydration number. The third column of Table 3 shows the values obtained from equation (12). If we were to take the values of Na+ (0.5) and Cl- (-0.7) and compute the average radius R0, the radius obtained will be a smaller value as compared to the case when no hydration is considered. Therefore, we will obtain a larger D0 if we substitute a smaller R0 into equation (11). This explains why we get a larger D0 from experimental results as compared to literature values. Convection In our experiment, the sodium chloride solution has a molarity of 2M, which is a concentrated solution. Such concentrated solution may cause convection in our experiment, thus affecting the rate of diffusion. Total mass transported = Mass transported by diffusion + Mass transported by convection (13) The total mass flux n1, (mass transported per unit area per unit time): n1 = j1a + c1va where j1a is the diffusion flux and c1va represents the convection. From equation (7): (7) D = If we add in the convection term, it becomes (7.1) D = + (convection) From equation (7.1), we can see that the presence of convection in the experiment will mean a bigger value for diffusion coefficient since the total mass transported is now dependent not solely on diffusion only. Convection does play a part in the transporting of mass. In order to examine whether the effect of convection is significant in our experiment, we can carry the experiment with sodium chloride solution at lower concentrations. The diffusion coefficient obtained will then be compared against literature values. If the degree of difference between experimental results and literature values is similar to that of using 2M sodium chloride solution, then we can say that the effect of convection is negligible in our experiment, and vice versa. Temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient In our experiment, the temperature of the water in the vessel and the sodium chloride solution is assumed to be the same and constant throughout the experiment. The dependence of diffusion coefficient on temperature in liquids can be determined using the Stokes- Einstein equation: (14) where T1 and T2 denote temperature 1 and 2 respectively D is the diffusion coefficient is the dynamic viscosity of the solvent From the equation, we can see that temperature does affect the diffusivity of the sodium chloride ions. In order to ensure that this problem does not affect our experiment, we should continuously measure the temperature of the water in the vessel and the sodium chloride solution to ensure identical and constant temperature throughout the experiment. Conclusions The aim of the experiment was to determine the diffusion coefficient of 2M Sodium Chloride solution in de-ionised water. The purpose of the experiment is achieved through the use of diffusion cell and the conductivity meter to study the change in concentration along the vessel at regular intervals. The value of our experimental result is of the order of 10-9 m2/s, which is common for liquid mixtures. This implies that the method of using honeycomb diffusion cell and measuring the change in conductivity to calculate the accumulation of the sodium chloride in the de-ionized water is appropriate for the determination of diffusion in a liquid mixture in this experiment. However, one should be aware that the conductivity method is only applicable for solute which fully dissociates in water. Solutes which do not dissociate in water will not give any changes in conductivity of the de-ionized water. It was found that the diffusion coefficient determined in the experiment is 39.8% larger than the literature values. This is most likely due to the fact that the literature values did not consider the effect of hydration on the sodium and chloride ions. The effect of hydration tends to increase the rate of diffusion, and this was the case for sodium chloride solution. Therefore, if we were to take into consideration the effect of hydration on the ions in our calculation of the literature values, the diffusion coefficient calculated will be close to our experimental value. We have discussed that convection is an important factor that might affect the reliability and accuracy of the experimental results. Due to the limitations of the experiment procedure, we were unable to determine the extent in which convection affects the experiment. Dyes could have been used to detect the presence of any significant convection currents due to the rotation of the magnetic stirrer. This experiment has showed that it is very difficult to calculate the actual diffusion coefficient very accurately using mathematical models and scientific concepts that we currently have. Due to the fact that the values of diffusion coefficients for liquid mixtures are very small, of the order of 10-9 m2/s, any slight error during the experiment will result in a big difference from the actual value. This difference might be small in magnitude, but the application of this value may have large implications in actual situations, such as in chemical plants. Therefore, much effort should be utilised for future research works to accurately determine the actual diffusion coefficients under different situations and conditions.

SAT Testing :: essays papers

SAT Testing Testing for our colleges Many Parents and educators are telling kids who are entering college, to drop the pencil and don’t take the standardized test. Educators say using an SAT or ACT for an admissions test is biased and unfair to ethnic minorities. Also gender differences and socioeconomic status plays a role on if you get a better score on these test or not. In my research I will show that there are similarities within ethnic and gender differences and women are vastly approaching males scores on these tests. But I will also briefly touch on the subject of income and how having more money makes you have a better score. If we were to take a look at the gender differences in education and the outcomes within the ethnic groups we would better understand the differences in educational achievement and opportunity. Gender differences within racial and ethnic lines revealed far more similarities than differences. Test scores did not differ that much from one ethnic group to another. You can see from the 2000 College Bound Seniors test scores: SAT Total Test-Takers: 1,260,278, of whom 53.7% are female Verbal Math Total Ethnic Group American Indian or Alaskan Native 482 481 963 Asian, Asian Amer., or Pacific Islander 499 565 1064 African American or Black 434 426 860 Mexican or Mexican American 453 460 913 Puerto Rican 456 451 907 Other Hispanic or Latino 461 467 928 White 528 530 1058